scholarly journals A Basic Research for Preservation of Works Exhibited in the Outdoor Sculpture Park - A Scientific Analys is of Painted Work ‘Conversion’ Exhibited in the Cheonmasan Sculpture Park -

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-401
Author(s):  
Seung-Jun Oh ◽  
Koang-Chul Wi
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Basic Data ◽  
White Pigment ◽  
Aluminium Powder ◽  
Outdoor Sculpture ◽  
Titanium White ◽  
Conservation And Management

Outdoor sculptures of modern art works are being damaged and deteriorated as they are exposed to the outdoor environment due to the nature of exhibition in the outdoor environment, but secure of basic data through the measures for conservation and advanced researches still remain in the early stage. The surface of “Conversion” which is exhibited in the Busan Cheonmasan Sculpture Park has been exfoliated and deteriorated due to outdoor exhibition for a long time, so systematic conservation and management of works are considered necessary. Prior to the conservation and management, this study conducted observation of cross section, analysis of inorganic components, FT-IR, Raman and Py-GC/Mass analysis to examine the nature and type of paints used for the work through a scientific analysis. As a result of analysis, paints used for the “Conversion” include paint mixed with silvery aluminium powder and white pigment, reddish paint mixed with toluidine red, bluish paint that mixed prussian blue and titanium white and mixture of phthalocyanine blue and titanium white. The result is expected to be used as basic data for selecting materials necessary for conservative treatment of and establishing a plan for conservative treatment of the “Conversion”.

scholarly journals EU FP7 research funding for an orphan drug (Orfadin®) and vaccine (Hep C) development: a success and a failure?

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Schmidt ◽  
O. Sehic ◽  
C. Wild
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Clinical Indication ◽  
Market Authorisation ◽  
Risk Capital

Abstract Background We considered the extent of the contribution of publicly funded research to the late-stage clinical development of pharmaceuticals and medicinal products, based on the European Commission (EC) FP7 research funding programme. Using two EC FP7-HEALTH case study examples—representing two types of outcomes—we then estimated wider public and charitable research funding contributions. Methods Using the publicly available database of FP7-HEALTH funded projects, we identified awards relating to late-stage clinical development according to the systematic application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, classified them according to product type and clinical indication, and calculated total EC funding amounts. We then identified two case studies representing extreme outcomes: failure to proceed with the product (hepatitis C vaccine) and successful market authorisation (Orfadin® for alkaptonuria). Total public and philanthropic research funding contributions to these products were then estimated using publicly available information on funding. Results 12.3% (120/977) of all EC FP7-HEALTH awards related to the funding of late-stage clinical research, totalling € 686,871,399. Pharmaceutical products and vaccines together accounted for 84% of these late-stage clinical development research awards and 70% of its funding. The hepatitis C vaccine received total European Community (FP7 and its predecessor, EC Framework VI) funding of €13,183,813; total public and charitable research funding for this product development was estimated at € 77,060,102. The industry sponsor does not consider further development of this product viable; this now represents public risk investment. FP7 funding for the late-stage development of Orfadin® for alkaptonuria was so important that the trials it funded formed the basis for market authorisation, but it is not clear whether the price of the treatment (over €20,000 per patient per year) adequately reflects the substantial public funding contribution. Conclusions Public and charitable research funding plays an essential role, not just in early stage basic research, but also in the late-stage clinical development of products prior to market authorisation. In addition, it provides risk capital for failed products. Within this context, we consider further discussions about a public return on investment and its reflection in pricing policies and decisions justified.

scholarly journals Toxicity Induced by Cytokines, Glucose, and Lipids Increase Apoptosis and Hamper Insulin Secretion in the 1.1E7 Beta Cell-Line

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2559
Author(s):  
Antonia Diaz-Ganete ◽  
Aranzazu Quiroga-de-Castro ◽  
Rosa M. Mateos ◽  
Francisco Medina ◽  
Carmen Segundo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
High Glucose ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Hybrid Cell ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Beta Cell Line ◽  
Starting Point

Basic research on types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus require early stage studies using beta cells or cell lines, ideally of human origin and with preserved insulin secretion in response to glucose. The 1.1E7 cells are a hybrid cell line resulting from the electrofusion of dispersed human islets and PANC-1 cells, capable of secreting insulin in response to glucose, but their survival and function under toxic conditions remains untested. This characterization is the purpose of the present study. We treated these cells with a cytokine mix, high glucose, palmitate, and the latter two combined. Under these conditions, we measured cell viability and apoptosis (MTT, Caspase Glo and TUNEL assays, as well as caspase-8 and -9 levels by Western blotting), endoplasmic reticulum stress markers (EIF2AK3, HSPA4, EIF2a, and HSPA5) by real-time PCR, and insulin secretion with a glucose challenge. All of these stimuli (i) induce apoptosis and ER stress markers expression, (ii) reduce mRNA amounts of 2–5 components of genes involved in the insulin secretory pathway, and (iii) abrogate the insulin release capability of 1.1E7 cells in response to glucose. The most pronounced effects were observed with cytokines and with palmitate and high glucose combined. This characterization may well serve as the starting point for those choosing this cell line for future basic research on certain aspects of diabetes.

scholarly journals Results of Conservative Treatment of Perthes Disease: Roentgenographic Evaluations in the Early Stage of the Disease.

1992 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 851-854
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Ohta ◽  
Toshio Fujii ◽  
Toshio Inoue ◽  
Akihiko Takashima ◽  
Haruhisa Yanagida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Perthes Disease

scholarly journals Outcome of Asymptomatic Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum in Adolescent Baseball Players

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967117S0012
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Matsuura ◽  
Toshiyuki Iwame ◽  
Naoto Suzue ◽  
Koichi Sairyo
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Osteochondritis Dissecans ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Radiological Outcome ◽  
Loose Bodies ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Complete Repair

Objectives: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is a well-recognized cause of elbow pain and disability in adolescent baseball players. OCD is classified into three different stages based on AP radiographs of the elbow in 45°flexion. Stage I was characterized by radiolucent areas. In stage II, nondisplaced fragments were present. Loose bodies and sclerotic change indicated stage III. Matsuura et al performed the conservative treatment on 101 patients with stage I or II lesions. Conservative treatment consisted of discontinuation of heavy use of the elbow for at least 6 months. Of 101 patients, 84 were diagnosed as stage I, with a mean age of 11.3 years and 17 were in stage II, with a mean age of 13.9 years. Of the 84 patients in stage I, healing was observed in 90.5%. In stage II, the incidence of healing decreased to 52.9%. Mean period required for healing was 14.9 months in stage I and 12.3 months in stage II. These results suggest that conservative treatment is recommended for the early stage lesions. However, little is known about the outcome of conservative treatment for asymptomatic OCD patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate 2year follow-up outcome of asymptomatic OCD in adolescent baseball players. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 33 baseball players aged 9-12 years (mean, 11.3 years) with asymptomatic OCD. There were 23 stage I lesions and 10 stage II lesions. We recommended the conservative treatment including stop throwing to all the players. Sixteen players (48.5%) agreed to our advice. The remaining 17 players did not follow the authors’ advice. Twelve players (36.4%) changed position or throwing side and 5 players (15.1%) did not change throwing level. Two years later, subjects were evaluated clinically and radiographically. Radiological outcome was divided into 3 types, complete repair, incomplete repair, and failure. Results: Stop throwing produced complete repair in 93.7%, incomplete repair in 6.3%, and none of the failure. Changing position or throwing side produced complete repair in 41.7%, incomplete repair in 25%, and failure in 33.3%. Not changing throwing level produced complete repair in 20%, none of incomplete repair, and failure in 80% ( Table 1 ). Players with complete or incomplete repair had not any symptom at the follow-up. On the other hand, all the players with failure had symptom such as pain and/or catching. Six of 8 players (75%) with symptom needed operation. [Table: see text] Conclusion: Even in the asymptomatic early stage OCD, it is desirable to stop throwing until the healing is observed.

Basic research on the leaching behavior of vanadium-bearing steel slag with titanium white waste acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 104897
Author(s):  
Weiguang Zhang ◽  
Tingan Zhang ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
Guozhi Lv ◽  
Xuejiao Cao
Keyword(s):  
Steel Slag ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Leaching Behavior ◽  
Titanium White ◽  
Waste Acid

Conservative Treatment of Early-Stage Breast Cancer

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Smith ◽  
J. C. Landry ◽  
W. C. Wood ◽  
T. Styblo ◽  
L. L. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Early Stage Breast Cancer
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