scholarly journals Criticism of the Neo-Classical Salafı Understanding Forming the Discourse of Religious Exclusivism An Evaluation on the Specifics of the Critiques Aimed at Fakhr al-Dın al-Razı Regarding the Epistemological Value of Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-175
Author(s):  
Mehdi Cengiz
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Ibn Taymiyya ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
Figurative Speech

Al-Rāzī stated that specific criteria should exist for interpreting religious texts, with one of the two in particular prioritizing the conflict of ʿaql [reason] and naql [revelation]. Accordingly, he developed the theory of the hypothetical nature of linguistic evidence. According to al-Rāzī’s theory, literary evidence have been exposed to possible errors from transferring al-nahw [lexicography, morphology, and grammar] rules to the present day; different linguistic possibilities such as figurative speech homonymy and transfer of meanings (naql al-lugha) are likely to have occurred in the process. Therefore, religious texts do not express certainty when qarīnas [contextual clues] are absent. Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, leading names in the neo-classical Salafī understanding, described the view that literal evidence does not express ʿilm [definitive knowledge] but rather expresses Ûann [speculative knowledge] as taghūt [an idol], criticizing it to have a marginalizing and exclusionary style. The present article will examine the discourse of religious exclusivism produced within the framework of the hypotheticality of language and will show that this discourse is caused by Ibn Taymiyya’s and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya’s words being misunderstood. This study will first explain what is meant by religious exclusion and provide the intellectual background of the theory of the hypotheticality of language. Next, it will cover Ibn Taymiyya’s and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya’s questioning of al-Rāzī’s religiosity, and finish with how the accusations against Rāzī had stemmed from a misunderstanding of his ideas.

Some Early Authorities Cited by Tājika Authors

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Gansten
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scholarly Attention

AbstractIn comparison with the spread of Perso-Arabic astrological traditions into medieval Europe, the Indian reception of the same knowledge systems, known in Sanskrit as tājika-śāstra, has received little scholarly attention. The present article attempts to shed some light on the history of the transmission of tājika-śāstra by examining the statements of Sanskrit authors about their earliest non-Indian sources. In particular, the identities of five traditionally cited authorities—Yavana, Khindhi, Hillāja, Khattakhutta and Romaka—are discussed on the basis of text-internal, historical and linguistic evidence.

Aspects de l’argumentation élaborée par Taqī l-Dīn Aḥmad b. Taymiyya (m. 728/1328) dans son livre du Rejet de la contradiction entre raison et Écriture (Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql)

Arabica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Nadjet Zouggar
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Ibn Taymiyya

Résumé Le présent article s’intéresse à des aspects de l’argumentation élaborée par le théologien juriste ḥanbalite Taqī l-Dīn Aḥmad b. Taymiyya (m. 728/1328) dans son traité sur le Rejet de la contradiction entre raison et Écriture (Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql), un livre dans lequel l’auteur se donne pour but de réfuter la théorie herméneutique rationaliste enseignée par les plus grandes figures de la théologie spéculative sunnite. Sur les quarante-quatre réponses ou cas (wuǧūh) qui composent l’ouvrage, nous analysons les cinq premiers. Notre objectif est de faire connaître les prémisses de la dialectique élaborée par Ibn Taymiyya dans cet ouvrage majeur.

scholarly journals On order and prohibition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniël Van Olmen
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
First Principle ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Constituent Order

Abstract The present article examines the claim in the literature that the negative first principle, i.e. the preference for the order negation-verb to verb-negation, is stronger in negative imperatives (or prohibitives) than in negative declaratives. To test this hypothesis, we develop – in contrast to earlier research – a systematic, three-way classification of languages, which is also operationalized as a ranking capturing the overall level of strength of the principle. This classification is applied to a genealogically and geographically balanced sample of 179 languages. In addition, we consider the role of several factors known to correlate with the position of negation – like its form, constituent order and areality. However, no cross-linguistic evidence is found for any difference in negation’s position between negative imperatives and negative declaratives. We therefore conclude that the hypothesis should be rejected.

Reconstructing ‘John Lelamour’s’ Herbal: The Linguistic Evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-699
Author(s):  
David Moreno Olalla
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Middle English ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Linguistic Approach

AbstractTwenty years ago, George R. Keiser showed that the mutilated last quire of Lincoln Cathedral, Dean and Chapter Library, MS 91 had once contained a herbal written in Middle English. He discovered moreover that passages parallel to those reconstructable for the Lincoln manuscript appear in other texts, including an important work called John Lelamour’s Herbal after a name mentioned in its explicit, and concluded that Lelamour, an otherwise unknown fourteenth-century schoolmaster from Hereford, was the author of the original treatise that Thornton and other scribes used for the composition of their own herbals. The present article will present ample evidence which will demonstrate that Keiser’s hypothesis on a Herefordian pedigree for this textual family cannot be sustained any longer, and that the origins of this textual family should in fact be sought not too far from Scotland. A linguistic approach based on a collection of scribal modifications, both unconscious and conscious ones (i. e. copy mistakes and changes made on purpose by the several copyists), will be used for the task. This will reveal how linguistic variation between the several manuscripts can be profitably used to reconstruct the dialect of the original translation, which will here consequently be named Northern Middle English Translation of Macer Floridus’s De Viribus Herbarum (or Northern Macer for short).

scholarly journals Changes in the Understanding of Work in Religious Zionist Thought: Rabbi T.I. Thau as a Case Study

Religions ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Amir Mashiach
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Youth Movement ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
The Real ◽  
Torah Study ◽  
Spiritual Leader ◽  
Religious Significance ◽  
Zionist Movement ◽  
Religious Zionism

In Jewish religious texts, Torah study is placed at the top of the hierarchy of values. This suggests that work as such is of no religious significance; work is rather a prerequisite for the real essentials of life. The Mizrachi religious Zionist movement, founded in 1902 by R. Yitzhak Yaakov Reines (1839–1915), introduced a markedly different view. The movement upheld a concept of work as a religious value, not only an existential need. Later religious Zionist thinkers developed a dialectical notion of the mutual integration of the Torah and labor; this eventually became the motto of the Bnei Akiva youth movement that they inspired. With time, the theological approach of R. Kook the Elder (ReAYaH) and of R. Kook the Younger (RTziYaH) became dominant in religious Zionism. R. Kook the Elder founded the yeshivah at Merkaz ha-rav in Jerusalem, which he also headed; his son eventually succeeded him. To date, the yeshivah has produced a great number of students and rabbis, who made the teaching of the two Rabbis Kook the legacy of the religious Zionist community as a whole. The aim of the present article is to trace the changes taking place in the religious Zionist attitude toward work as this is articulated in the thought of a student of the two Rabbis, Kook whom many regard as the continuator of their teaching today. This is Rabbi Tzvi Israel Thau (b. 1937), one of the most influential rabbinic figures associated with religious Zionism, President of Yeshivat har ha-mor and the spiritual leader of the Torah academies referred to as “yeshivot of the line [ha-kav]”.

Some Earliest Traces of the Aryan

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-26
Author(s):  
Iahanshah Derakhshani
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Near East ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Conventional Theory ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Positive Material ◽  
Main Work ◽  
Linguistic Evidence

AbstractThe early presence of the Aryans in the Near East is the topic of the research I have undertaken using the positive material and linguistic evidence, part of which has already been published, while the other, the main body of the work (Main Work) will be published as an extensive version.1 In these works, and based on linguistic evidences, such as Aryan loanwords, ethnonyms and toponyms extant in the archaic Near Eastern texts as well as due to the absolute lack of loanwords from the so-called pre-Iranian native languages in the Old Iranian dialects, the conventional theory of the late migration of Aryans into the Iranian Highland has been refuted as "strongly disproved". Based on the same evidence, a pre-Sumerian presence of the Aryans in Mesopotamia has been substantiated (see Aryans 5.4.1.10; 6.1.10). The present article is dealing with some earliest linguistic traces of the Aryan in the archaic Near Eastern languages such as in Sumerian, Akkadian, Elamite and Egytian.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of English Prepositions and Armenian Case Endings

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2 (7)) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
Ruzanna Avetisyan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
The Creation

The present article offers a comparison of the English prepositions and Armenian case endings. The examples illustrate the correspondence between different Armenian cases and English prepositions. The topic of the article is not conclusive and calls for further research since the information provided in the article can serve as solid material for further investigations of the correspondence between English prepositions and Armenian case endings. Such investigations can lead to the creation of certain grammar rules which will naturally help make the work of translation from Armenian into English and vice versa easier.

Four Hymns to Gula

1929 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
C. J. Mullo-Weir
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
I 18 ◽  
New Variant

Hymns to Gula are few and scattered. In the present article some of these are brought together. They are treated in the following order:—(a) King, Bab. Magic and Sorcery, No. 6, 11. 71–95, with the variants there cited and a new variant in Ebeling, KAR. 341. A šu-il-laprayer.(b) King, ibid., No. 4, 11. 24 ff. A šu-il-laprayer.(c) Craig, Religious Texts, i, 18 (ed. Martin, Textes Religieux, p. 70), with a variant in KAR. 41. Probably a kišvb. Bilingual.(d) K. 232 (= Craig, ibid., ii, 16–18). Perhaps a dedication hymn. Semitic.

Anuvaad - A Hindi-Sanskrit-Hindi Bilingual Machine Translation System using Rule-based Approach

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Translation System ◽  
Sanskrit Literature ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Music Drama ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
Machine Translation System ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Rule Based Approach

Machine Translation is best alternative to traditional manual translation. The corpus of Sanskrit literature includes a rich tradition of philosophical and religious texts as well as poetry, music, drama, scientific, technical and other texts. Due to the modernization of tradition and languages, Sanskrit is not on everyone's lips. Translation makes it convenient for users to understand the unknown text. This paper presents a language Machine Translation System from Hindi to Sanskrit and Sanskrit to Hindi using a rule-based technique. We developed a machine translation tool 'anuvaad' which translates Sanskrit prose text into Hindi & vice versa. We also developed bi-lingual corpora to deal with Sanskrit and Hindi grammar rules and text applied rule based method to perform the translation. The experimental results on different 110 examples show that the proposed anuvaad tool achieves overall 93% accuracy for both types of translations. The objective of our work is to ensure confidentiality and multilingual support, which can be tedious and time consuming in case of manual translation.

scholarly journals The diachrony of Spanish haber/hacer + time

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borja Herce
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Word Order ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Diachronic Development

Abstract Using quantitative corpus evidence from different periods, the present article analyzes the emergence and diachronic development of the Spanish time constructions (clausal and adverbial) involving contemporary hacer ‘make’ and earlier haber ‘have’. The obtained data, as well as cross-linguistic evidence, suggest that the clausal construction must have been the source of the adverbial one. A proposal is presented that could explain that development. The data show, in addition, that the grammatical properties and usage patterns of the clausal and adverbial constructions were very similar until the 16th century but have been diverging ever since. This divergence coincides with an exponential increase in the textual raw frequency of the adverbial construction, where word order fixation, erosion of the inflectional morphology and a change in the possibilities for time adjunction among others are found to occur at around the same time. This points towards a desentencialization, loss of inner structure and grammaticalization of the adverbial construction in those periods.

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