Anuvaad - A Hindi-Sanskrit-Hindi Bilingual Machine Translation System using Rule-based Approach

Machine Translation is best alternative to traditional manual translation. The corpus of Sanskrit literature includes a rich tradition of philosophical and religious texts as well as poetry, music, drama, scientific, technical and other texts. Due to the modernization of tradition and languages, Sanskrit is not on everyone's lips. Translation makes it convenient for users to understand the unknown text. This paper presents a language Machine Translation System from Hindi to Sanskrit and Sanskrit to Hindi using a rule-based technique. We developed a machine translation tool 'anuvaad' which translates Sanskrit prose text into Hindi & vice versa. We also developed bi-lingual corpora to deal with Sanskrit and Hindi grammar rules and text applied rule based method to perform the translation. The experimental results on different 110 examples show that the proposed anuvaad tool achieves overall 93% accuracy for both types of translations. The objective of our work is to ensure confidentiality and multilingual support, which can be tedious and time consuming in case of manual translation.

Introduction

The work begins with an introduction to the Netra and Svacchanda Tantras that locates them within the wider tantric canon. The chapter briefly introduces the main mantra of the texts and offers connections to a wider body of Sanskrit literature. It also introduces the main questions of the work: What do the Netra and Svacchanda Tantras mean by immortality? How does one attain it? How do the rites described within the text alleviate illness? What role does the deity play in the reduction of illness and attainment of immortality? What does that deity look like? Who has access to these rites?

Period-specific differences of style in Haribhaṭṭa’s “Garland of Jātakas” and in the “Avadāna-Śataka” (based on the deer jātaka)

The article examines the evolution of style traced in Sanskrit literature during the development of the genre of jātaka – the story of a previous life of Buddha – at an early stage of the genre's existence, represented by the anonymous collection “Avadāna-Śataka” (around 2nd century AD), and at the stage of the developed author literature, an example of which is the “Garland of Jātakas” by Haribhaṭṭa (4th to 5th centuries AD). The pre-literary jātaka in the Pali language is fairly well studied, while the literary works we consider here, being significant for the tradition, have hardly been studied in Russian science at all. Consideration of “Avadāna-Śataka” was carried out using the approaches of epic studies applied by Pavel Grintser to the “Mahābhārata” and “Rāmāyana”, which allowed us to reveal here the traces of the formulaic style characteristic of the oral existence of texts. These traces, however, are residual and indicate the stylisation of the text to the oral style of the pre-literary jātakas included in the Buddhist canon. In general, the text style is simple and monotonous; repetitions, catalogues and formulae are often found in it. We find a clear contrast to this picture in Haribhaṭṭa’s “Garland of Jātakas”, where features of the high court Sanskrit literature of the classical period (4th to 5th centuries AD) are obvious, to which this work has been proved to belong by indirect evidence. The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the two literary works from the standpoint of historical poetics.

Iconography

Chapter 3 focuses on devotion: the god Śiva or Bhairava as manifested in the forms of Amṛteśa and Mṛtyujit. It locates the deity in the wider corpus of Sanskrit literature. It first situates Śiva as outside of Vedic orthodoxy instead of living and worshipping in the charnel ground. This associates the deity with death and the ability to overcome it. The chapter then examines references to Mṛtyujit and the conquering or cheating of death within the Purāṇas. Again returning to the Netra Tantra, the chapter then translates sections of text that describe the physical forms of Amṛteśa and Mṛtyujit. The practice of worshipping Amṛteśa in the guise of other Brahminical deities allows the practitioner to use the mantra while simultaneously adhering to calendrical rites and festivals that center on those other deities.

Examining the Shifting Paradigms of Bhakti and Sanskrit Literature through Devotional Poetry of Jayadeva and Dadu

The wave of the Bhakti movement significantly affected India for over a period of twelve centuries. Considering that it left inerasable impressions on the history and culture of the land, this research paper argues that what only imbibed the feeling of pure devotion also became a tool in the hands of those who were desirous of radical religious, political and social changes. To prove this, the paper undertakes the translation of Dadu Dayal’s Sanskrit compositions. Additionally, the paper also questions the very model of Bhaktikal (the Age of Devotional Literature), propagated by the scholars of Hindi Literature, which divides it into two distinct theological categories, Sagun and Nirgun. By examining the devotional poetry of Jayadeva Goswami and Dadu Dayal, and their sectarian positions, it demonstrates that the proponents of the two diametrically opposite schools of Bhakti did not always honour such a distinction for bhakti’s spirit is above such schisms.

An Introduction to Indian Aesthetics: History, Theory, and Theoreticians by Mini Chandran and Sreenath V. S.

This book can be seen as a response to a severe demand in the field of Indian poetics for an introductory book that provides an overview of all the seminal schools of Indian poetical thoughts, keeping in view both the theories and the theoreticians. This book, in the words of authors, is meant to be “An introduction to the world of Sanskrit poetics, explaining its major concepts lucidly for even those who do not know Sanskrit. It offers a comprehensive historical and conceptual overview of all the major schools in Sanskrit poetics…. It is meant to be a beginners’ guide to the awe-inspiring immensity of Sanskrit literature and literary thought, the first step in a journey that should ideally lead to the profundities of ancient thought.” (Chandran et al 2021, p. xii). The discussion in the book progresses with varied theoretical perspectives on Indian aesthetics in a well laid historico-conceptual order. Though the book briefly talks about Tamil poetics putting it parallel to Sanskrit poetics by comparing Tolk?ppiyam with N??ya??stra in the preface, it primarily serves to be an introductory handbook of Sanskrit poetics for the non-Sanskrit University students at various levels. This book succeeds in providing clearer idea of Indian poetical thoughts to its readers.

Kalidasa's Dushyantha and Shakuntala: A Behaviour Study

Abhinjanasakunthala is a world famous kavya in Sanskrit literature. In this paper, I make an observation of the character of Dushyantha and Sakuntala, who are described as rich in virtue in this kavya, and set an example to the best couples all over the world. Here we can see the the genius ofKalidasa and the male-dominated society of that time, using his characters to adapt the needs of a society.

Glorification of Kamariipa in the Sati Jayamati: An apprisal

Every part of India has its own contributions in the field of Sanskrit study. Assam known as Kamartipa in ancient and medieval period also contributed immensely towards the rich treasure of Sanskrit literature. There are various epigraphical and literary evidences which bear testimony of Assam's contributions towards Sanskrit literature. Sanskrit scholars of Assam exhibited there poetic skill in writing various forms of Kavyas. One of the notable contributions of Assam to Sanskrit literature is Safi Jayamafi of Bhavadev Bhagavati. His Safi Jayamafi is a Sanskrit Khandakavya of one hundred elegant verses. Here the poet depicts the glorious history of Kamartipa through the story of Gadapal).iJayamafi. The poet presents the glorious tradition of Kamartipa in a poetic style. The paper makes an attempt to analyze the glory of the land in the light of the Safi Jayamafi.

Biographical Literature in Modern Sanskrit Language

Biographical literature in modem Sanskrit language Biographies of great people have been the source of modem Sanskrit literary creation. Many biographies are available in the form of epic, prose and champu kavyas in Sanskrit literature. There are two master pieces of biographies on the iron man of India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel written in modem Sanskrit language. These two master pieces are 'Lohpurusavadanam"by Dr. Shivprasad Bharadwaj and "Vallabhcharitam" by Dr. Satyapal Sharma. The first one is complete biography in the form of historical epic and the second one is a biography in the form of prose work. Key words: biography, creation, literature, modem Sanskrit, master pieces, epic and prose work.

Decoding the Elements of Human Rights from the Verses of Ancient Védic Literature and Dharmaśāstras

This manuscript aims to provide a nuanced study of the idea of rights and duties prevalent in ancient Védic society through Védic literature and Dharmaśāstras. This manuscript delves into the exegesis of the Védas and Dharmaśāstras to accomplish this. The archaic Védic literature and Dharmaśāstra texts are the origin and backbone of Sanskrit literature. They have a plethora of ideas that, if accepted, could be quite useful for the protection of any person’s human rights. In the Védas and Dharmaśāstras, rights and duties complement each other, and rights are integrated with duties. According to these texts, rights and duties are correlated and the relationship between rights and duties leads to the core concept of dhárma (constitutional laws). Dhárma is a systematic Sanskrit concept that includes traditions, obligations, morals, laws, order, and justice. It was a unique concept of dhárma that kept checks and balances on sovereign officials and prevented them from becoming autocratic and anarchist. It also provided the common man with a protective shield against the dictatorship of sovereign officials. Ordinary citizens had more privileges and fewer responsibilities relative to the state’s highest officials. The greater the authority, the less his privileges were, and the more extensive his responsibilities became. This research is an exegetical analysis of ancient Indian Védic and later Védic literature and is primarily aimed at deciphering some of the essential ideas about rights found in these texts, which are akin to contemporary human rights. It endeavours to discern and explain the tenets of human rights obnubilated in the pristine mantras of the ancient Védic and Smṛti texts of India. The essay further attempts to add a much-needed non-western perspective to the historiography of human rights.