scholarly journals Sex/gender differences in cognition, neurophysiology, and neuroanatomy

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Jäncke
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Hormone Level ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Behavior And Cognition

In this mini-review, I summarize and interpret the current status of sex/gender differences in terms of brain anatomy, brain function, behavior, and cognition. Based on this review and the reported findings, I conclude that most of these sex/gender differences are not large enough to support the assumption of sexual dimorphism in terms of brain anatomy, brain function, cognition, and behavior. Instead, I suggest that many brain and cognitive features are modulated by environment, culture, and practice (and several other influences). These influences interact with the menstrual cycle, the general hormone level, and current gender stereotypes in a way that has not yet been fully understood.

scholarly journals Applications of MRI Connectomics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica S. Damoiseaux ◽  
Andre Altmann ◽  
Jonas Richiardi ◽  
Sepideh Sadaghiani
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Behavior And Cognition ◽  
Brain Connectomics

Structural and functional brain connectomics are considered a basis for an individual's behavior and cognition. Therefore, deviations from typical connectivity patterns may indicate disease processes, and can potentially serve as disease biomarkers. To date, the direct clinical application of brain connectivity measures for diagnostics or treatment is limited. Nonetheless, the extant literature on fundamental and clinical research applications reveals important advances in our understanding of typical and atypical brain structure and function. In this chapter we discuss the current status of the field regarding: (1) the impact of the connectome on cognitive processes and behavior, (2) the connectome across the lifespan, and (3) clinical research applications of connectomics. In addition, we highlight some limitations of connectomics for research and clinical translation.

scholarly journals The Structural Dilemma of Citizen Participation: The Interactive Influence of Social Status and Subjective Social Mobility

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110031
Author(s):  
Xuyun Tan ◽  
Xuejiao Dou ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Cai Xing ◽  
Baoyu Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Analysis Framework ◽  
Stratification Structure ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
High Social Status

In the context of rapid social change, the perception of social stratification has far-reaching and complex influences on human psychology and behavior, including citizen participation. The current research explored the interactive influence of social status and subjective social mobility on citizen participation. Two studies used experimental methods to manipulate subjective social mobility and social status, respectively, to examine the interactive effect. Taken together, the results of both studies revealed that the interaction between social status and subjective social mobility had a significant influence on citizen participation: whereas citizen participation with high social status was not affected by subjective social mobility, citizen participation with low social status decreased with increases in subjective social mobility. This research established a combined dynamic and static analysis framework of social stratification structure, elucidating the current status of citizen participation under the influence of the interaction between social status and subjective social mobility, and providing a countermeasure reference for effectively promoting citizen participation.

scholarly journals Fundamental functional differences between gyri and sulci: implications for brain function, cognition, and behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-41
Author(s):  
Xi Jiang ◽  
Tuo Zhang ◽  
Shu Zhang ◽  
Keith M Kendrick ◽  
Tianming Liu
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Structural Architecture ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Folding of the cerebral cortex is a prominent characteristic of mammalian brains. Alterations or deficits in cortical folding are strongly correlated with abnormal brain function, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, a precise mapping between the anatomy and function of the brain is critical to our understanding of the mechanisms of brain structural architecture in both health and diseases. Gyri and sulci, the standard nomenclature for cortical anatomy, serve as building blocks to make up complex folding patterns, providing a window to decipher cortical anatomy and its relation with brain functions. Huge efforts have been devoted to this research topic from a variety of disciplines including genetics, cell biology, anatomy, neuroimaging, and neurology, as well as involving computational approaches based on machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms. However, despite increasing progress, our understanding of the functional anatomy of gyro-sulcal patterns is still in its infancy. In this review, we present the current state of this field and provide our perspectives of the methodologies and conclusions concerning functional differentiation between gyri and sulci, as well as the supporting information from genetic, cell biology, and brain structure research. In particular, we will further present a proposed framework for attempting to interpret the dynamic mechanisms of the functional interplay between gyri and sulci. Hopefully, this review will provide a comprehensive summary of anatomo-functional relationships in the cortical gyro-sulcal system together with a consideration of how these contribute to brain function, cognition, and behavior, as well as to mental disorders.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism of oxytocin and vasopressin in social cognition and behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol Volume 12 ◽  
pp. 337-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaoqiao Lu ◽  
Jianbo Lai ◽  
Yanli Du ◽  
Tingting Huang ◽  
Pornkanok Prukpitikul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
And Behavior

Development of the first urinary reproductive hormone ranges referenced to independently determined ovulation day

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Johnson ◽  
Sarah Weddell ◽  
Sonya Godbert ◽  
Guenter Freundl ◽  
Judith Roos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Hormone Level ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Reproductive Hormone ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Daily Urine ◽  
Follicle Size ◽  
Status Information ◽  
Progesterone Metabolite ◽  
Level Analysis

AbstractUrinary hormone level analysis provides valuable fertility status information; however, previous studies have not referenced levels to the ovulation day, or have used outdated methods. This study aimed to produce reproductive hormone ranges referenced to ovulation day determined by ultrasound.Women aged 18–40 years (no reported infertility) collected daily urine samples for one complete menstrual cycle. Urinary luteinising hormone (LH), estrone-3-glucuronide (E3G, an estradiol metabolite), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (P3G, a progesterone metabolite) were measured using previously validated assays. Volunteers underwent trans-vaginal ultrasound every 2 days until the dominant ovarian follicle size reached 16 mm, when daily scans were performed until ovulation was observed. Data were analysed to create hormone ranges referenced to the day of objective ovulation as determined by ultrasound.In 40 volunteers, mean age 28.9 years, urinary LH surge always preceded ovulation with a mean of 0.81 days; thus LH is an excellent assay-independent predictor of ovulation. The timing of peak LH was assay-dependent and could be post-ovulatory; therefore should no longer be used to predict/determine ovulation. Urinary P3G rose from baseline after ovulation in all volunteers, peaking a median of 7.5 days following ovulation. Median urinary peak E3G and FSH levels occurred 0.5 days prior to ovulation. A persistent rise in urinary E3G was observed from approximately 3 days pre- until 5 days post-ovulation.This study provides reproductive hormone ranges referenced to the actual day of ovulation as determined by ultrasound, to facilitate examination of menstrual cycle endocrinology.

Volumetric Display of Brain Function and Brain Anatomy

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Valentino ◽  
P. D. Cutler ◽  
J. C. Mazziotta ◽  
H. K. Huang ◽  
R. A. Drebin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Volumetric Display

Gender Differences on Attitudes and Participation in an Extracurricular Gymnastics Course Among Greek University Students

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios C. Milosis ◽  
Athanasios G. Papaioannou ◽  
Theophanis A. Siatras ◽  
Miltiadis Proios ◽  
Michael Proios
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Path Structure ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

The aims of the study were (a) to test the effectiveness of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict Greek university students’ voluntary participation in an extracurricular gymnastics course, and (b) to evaluate gender differences. Two hundred sixty-three (127 female, 136 male) students participated in the study. Students’ attitudes, intention, and PBC were measured with a questionnaire and their attendance in the course was recorded by the teacher. Results from the MANOVA conducted showed that females had higher scores compared with males in all observed variables. Results from the structural equation modeling (SEM) employed supported the usefulness of TPB to explain students’ attitudes and behavior toward extracurricular physical activities (PA). Differences also emerged on path structure of the relationships among the variables.

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