Como Protocolos Inovadores são Criados e Adotados em Escala Mundial: Uma visão sobre o Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) e a Infraestrutura da Internet

The IETF is responsible for the standardization and development of Internet protocols and this is based on the voluntary participation ofprofessionals, academics, and resear- chers from around the world. Volunteers work together through email lists and in three face-to-face meetings yearly. This proposal considers the importance ofidentifying mul- tidisciplinary opportunities around the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in the process ofcreating or improving innovative standards on the Internet. We will discuss the organization of working groups, highlighting discussions ranging from protocols known as the Internet Protocol (IP) to research groups such as Things-to-Things (T2TRG) that discuss standards on the Internet ofThings (IoT). The opportunity to discuss theoretical/- practical challenges and manners of collaboration at the IETF opens up a vast prospect ofinclusion for the Brazilian community, as it becomes aware ofhow the IETF is consti- tuted and remains active, vigilant and prepared for the necessary changes for the smooth functioning of the Internet. The multidisciplinary, in the field of computing science that aggregates the volunteering of the IETF, is evident and needs the active help of people with diversified knowledge and in areas other than, necessarily, networks. In this way, this chapter covers since basic foundations on the Internet, the functioning of the IETF, the process ofdevelopment ofnew protocols, as well as the necessary tools and rules for writing an Internet-Draft (I-D).

The Unequal Effects of Social Distancing Policy on Subway Ridership during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Seoul, South Korea

In the Republic of Korea, social distancing policies relied on voluntary participation by citizens and exhibited short-term changes. In this situation, the effects of such policies varied depending on each community’s capacity to comply. Here, we collected subway ridership data for 294 stations on nine Seoul Metro lines and aggregated the data for each station to the 184 smallest administrative areas. We found that the mean percent change in subway ridership was fitted by an additive model of the log-transformed percent ratio of the restaurant industry (estimated degrees of freedom (EDF) = 3.24, P < 0.001), the Deprivation Index (DI) (EDF = 3.66, P = 0.015), and the proportion of essential workers (β = − 0.10 (95% confidence interval − 0.15 to − 0.05, P < 0.001). We found a distinct decrease in subway ridership only in the least deprived areas, suggesting that social distancing is costly.

Students satisfaction with the online teaching process

This study is about student satisfaction in the online teaching process. The pandemic situation forced us to move the educational activities in the online environment for the safety of all its participants. The methodological design is the quantitative one, the research method used is the sociological survey. This study tried to identify students’ perception, effectiveness, satisfaction, and self-perceived efficiency regarding the teaching process in the online environment. The questionnaire was translated and adapted into Romanian. It consists of 26 questions, divided into five dimensions. The sampling method was the non-probabilistic convenience one, with voluntary participation. The results provided tell us those female respondents were more open to online methods, resulting in higher satisfaction despite common knowledge. However, the results should be viewed with reservations, as the data collected are not homogeneous, and the respondents were chosen by the voluntary participation method. This approach can be seen as a starting point for future research related to the satisfaction of the teaching process through e-learning.

On Integrated Peer-Assisted Learning Clusters Among Students in a Nigerian University

Peer interaction to assist and learn from each other has been extended online in recent times. This study was conducted to find the pattern of participation in integrated peer-assisted learning and to investigate factors known to affect such participation among students in their peer-assisted learning clusters. The pattern of participation was established through the frequency with which the respondent use their preferred mode of peer interaction. Structural equation modeling was implemented to study the relationship between participation and the factors considered. Social medial is the most prevalent among the online means of interaction considered. Conflict, cohesion and effective leadership in the clusters have more direct effects on the other factors considered. The frequency of participation does not correlate significantly with the other personal and interpersonal factors considered. These findings suggest that the decision for voluntary participation in peer-assisted learning clusters are possibly driven by other factors such as academic.

Managing in early COVID-19: The Nigerian optometry experience

This study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of Nigerian optometrists and optometry students with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic, while also assessing its impact of their daily personal and professional routines. The Google Forms suite was used to design an online struc- tured survey/questionnaire. This was sent to Nigerian optometrists and optometry students along with a message soliciting their voluntary participation. This survey took place between 10th April and 15th May 2020. The responses received were electronically transmitted to the authors and populated via Google suite software. Descriptive statistics and inferences were then derived from these data. A total of 399 valid responses were logged during this study. Of these, 183 (45.4%) respondents were optometry students from the eight optometry education departments in Nigeria. Optometric doctors made up 216 of the respondents. 86% of optometrists reported having cases of COVID-19 in their state. No optometrists reported suffering from the COVID-19 disease while one (0.5%) student had been infected with COVID-19. Twelve percent of student respondents felt educational facilities were adequate to cater for post COVID- 19 resumption, while 21.5% of students felt that the ongoing academic session should be restarted. The COVID-19 Pandemic has impacted greatly on service delivery among Nigerian optometrists and optometry education. Educational institutions must also adjust to current realities in order to be able to provide safe and adequate training when the academic section resumes or restarts.

Civilians in demining territories in the West of the Russian Soviet Republic: legal regulation and administrative practices of regional authorities (1942–1946)

The article on the basis of archival sources, most of them introduced into scientific turnover for the first time, examines the legal regulation and realities of involvement of civilian population in demining of territories in the West of the Russian Soviet Republic in 1942–1946. Demining was the most important measure of the authorities, a condition for the establishment of peaceful life, the revival of the economy, the implementation of state plans. The scarcity of material and human resources available to the state led to the mobilisation of civilians for this task, especially – young people of pre-conscription age. Despite the voluntary participation in demining, regional and district authorities widely used their administrative resources both in the recruitment of demining teams through the Osoviakhim grassroots structures and military enlistment offices, and to facilitate their work. Faced with the inability of district teams of the Society for the Assistance of Defence, Aircraft and Chemical Construction (Osoaviakhim) to complete demining alone, the leadership of the western regions of the Russian Soviet Republic insisted that the most difficult areas be cleared by sapper units of the Red Army. By the end of 1946, the joint work of Osoaviakhim deminers and military sappers had completed the clearance of the territories of the West of the Russian Soviet Republic.

CURRENT ISSUES OF INCREASING EF-FICIENCY OF SAINT-PETERSBURG STATE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE (TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY) STUDENTS’ INVOLVEMENT IN THE INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS

Currently, the government pays more atten-tion to the standards and guidelines for all education systems to ensure that vocational and higher education programmes are coor-dinated with the evolving needs of the labour market. This policy includes development of the National qualifications system and of the independent assessment of qualifications, which could be served for external evalua-tion of the quality of higher education. The paper represents indicators of SPbGTI(TU) students' involvement in the procedures of independent qualifications assessment, re-sults of students' awareness about the Na-tional Qualifications System and about the infrastructure, which carries out this as-sessment, as well as results of the study of students' motives for voluntary participation in the procedures of the independent qualifi-cations assessment. The paper also offers suggestions about improving students’ in-volvement in the independent assessment of qualifications.

Exploring partnerships between nonprofit organisations in New Zealand

<p>Nonprofit partnership with government and with business is well documented in the literature. However partnership between nonprofit organisations has largely been ignored. This research focuses on such New Zealand partnerships. It investigates three aspects of partnership: the reasons why organisations partner, the resources they allocate to those partnerships, and the competencies used by the people managing the partnerships. How these three partnership aspects influence each other and the effect of that on the partnerships is also explored. The study focuses on the ‘partnership’ rather than the ‘co-existence’ end of Craig and Courtney’s (2004) continuum where elements such as working from agreed values, sharing resources and decision making, and developing systems to support the partnership will be evident. Two partnerships were selected as case studies. Data came from semi-structured interviews with seven participants from five partner organisations. The literature provided a framework for analysing the interview data in relation to the three aspects of partnership. This framework led to the identification of four new motivational factors, two new resource allocations and two new competencies. The literature also provided six theories that help explain partnership motivations. In addition to the three aspects (motivation, resources, and competencies) of partnership, it became clear that these things made a difference: · the term used to describe what they were doing – collaboration or partnership, · the context, · the presence of trust and goodwill, · voluntary participation in partnership, and · the level of formality. The findings demonstrated that the motivation to partner at all was the most important of the three aspects of partnership. It influenced resource allocations and the competencies used by partnership managers. Resource allocations did not influence the motivation to partner but influenced the competencies used by the partnership managers. And the competencies used by the partnership managers influenced the resources allocated by organisations but generally did not influence the motivation to partner. The findings add to our knowledge about nonprofit-nonprofit partnership and will help people to plan partnerships. I also propose five areas for further research: · factors that influence formality, · factors that prevent nonprofit partnership, · role of competencies in motivating partnership, · quantity of resources and the impact on outcomes, and · ownership of intellectual property.</p>

Exploring partnerships between nonprofit organisations in New Zealand

<p>Nonprofit partnership with government and with business is well documented in the literature. However partnership between nonprofit organisations has largely been ignored. This research focuses on such New Zealand partnerships. It investigates three aspects of partnership: the reasons why organisations partner, the resources they allocate to those partnerships, and the competencies used by the people managing the partnerships. How these three partnership aspects influence each other and the effect of that on the partnerships is also explored. The study focuses on the ‘partnership’ rather than the ‘co-existence’ end of Craig and Courtney’s (2004) continuum where elements such as working from agreed values, sharing resources and decision making, and developing systems to support the partnership will be evident. Two partnerships were selected as case studies. Data came from semi-structured interviews with seven participants from five partner organisations. The literature provided a framework for analysing the interview data in relation to the three aspects of partnership. This framework led to the identification of four new motivational factors, two new resource allocations and two new competencies. The literature also provided six theories that help explain partnership motivations. In addition to the three aspects (motivation, resources, and competencies) of partnership, it became clear that these things made a difference: · the term used to describe what they were doing – collaboration or partnership, · the context, · the presence of trust and goodwill, · voluntary participation in partnership, and · the level of formality. The findings demonstrated that the motivation to partner at all was the most important of the three aspects of partnership. It influenced resource allocations and the competencies used by partnership managers. Resource allocations did not influence the motivation to partner but influenced the competencies used by the partnership managers. And the competencies used by the partnership managers influenced the resources allocated by organisations but generally did not influence the motivation to partner. The findings add to our knowledge about nonprofit-nonprofit partnership and will help people to plan partnerships. I also propose five areas for further research: · factors that influence formality, · factors that prevent nonprofit partnership, · role of competencies in motivating partnership, · quantity of resources and the impact on outcomes, and · ownership of intellectual property.</p>