scholarly journals Observing the neutron component during thunderstorm activity at a mountain CR station

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Анна Луковникова ◽  
Anna Lukovnikova ◽  
Виктор Алешков ◽  
Viktor Aleshkov ◽  
Алексей Лысак ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Neutron Monitor ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Thunderstorm Activity ◽  
Signal Discrimination ◽  
Lightning Discharges ◽  
Neutron Component

During three summer months in 2015, the Cosmic Ray (CR) station Irkutsk-3000, located at 3000 m above sea level, measured the CR neutron component intensity with the 6NM64 neutron monitor, as well as the atmospheric electric field strength and the level of electromagnetic interference during lightning discharges. It is shown that the level of electromagnetic interference, when registered during lightning discharges, depends considerably on the fixed level of signal discrimination. During observations, we observed no effects of thunderstorm discharges at the neutron monitor count rate at the CR station Irkutsk-3000.

scholarly journals Observing the neutron component during thunderstorm activity at a mountain CR station

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Анна Луковникова ◽  
Anna Lukovnikova ◽  
Виктор Алешков ◽  
Viktor Aleshkov ◽  
Алексей Лысак ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Neutron Monitor ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Thunderstorm Activity ◽  
Signal Discrimination ◽  
Lightning Discharges ◽  
Neutron Component

During three summer months in 2015, the Cosmic Ray (CR) station Irkutsk-3000, located at 3000 m above sea level, measured the CR neutron component intensity with the 6NM64 neutron monitor, as well as the atmospheric electric field strength and the level of electromagnetic interference during lightning discharges. It is shown that the level of electromagnetic interference, when registered during lightning discharges, depends considerably on the fixed level of signal discrimination. During observations, we observed no effects of thunderstorm discharges at the neutron monitor count rate at the CR station Irkutsk-3000.

III. Cosmic-ray latitude survey in Western USA and Hawaii in summer, 1966

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (19) ◽  
pp. 2057-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Carmichael ◽  
M. A. Shea ◽  
R. W. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Neutron Monitor ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Measuring Equipment ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Temperature Structure ◽  
Western Usa ◽  
Secular Variations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Different Levels

A 3-NM-64 neutron monitor and a 2-MT-64 muon monitor were operated at 29 sites near sea level and on mountains on the western seaboard of the USA and in Hawaii in May, June, and July, 1966, in continuation of the latitude survey begun in 1965 and reported in papers I and II of this set of five papers. The original results and also the corrections for temperature structure of the atmosphere and for secular variations of the cosmic radiation are given in detail. While the overland equipment was at its highest altitude on Mt. Hood (2.4 GV) and on the summits of Mt. Palomar (5.7 GV) and Mt. Haleakela (13.3 GV), an airborne neutron monitor was operated at seven different levels between 3000 m and 12 000 m. The pressure-measuring equipment and also the neutron monitor in the aircraft were calibrated in terms of the overland instruments while the aircraft was at the same altitude as the overland equipment on the summit of Mt. Haleakela.

On the possibility of a two-way solar anisotropy producing the cosmic-ray diurnal variation

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S825-S827
Author(s):  
M. Kodama ◽  
K. Nagashima
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Solar Rotation ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Neutron Component

Two pieces of experimental evidence, which are inconsistent with the hypothesis of a one-way solar anisotropy as an interpretation of the cosmic-ray diurnal variation, are presented. The diurnal variation of the temperature-corrected meson component at Deep River was examined and compared with that of the neutron component. Both diurnal variations were averaged for each solar rotation from No. 1762 to No. 1787. If a one-way solar anisotropy is assumed, the time of maximum for neutrons should be about half an hour earlier than that for mesons at Deep River. However, the observations show that the phase difference between the two components is the reverse of that expected. Further evidence is obtained from a comparison of the diurnal variation on Mt. Norikura (2 770 m, 11.4 GeV) to that in Itabashi (20 m, 11.5 GeV). According to theoretical calculations based on a one-way solar anisotropy, the time of maximum at high altitude is earlier than or equal to that at sea level, but observations obtained during Dec. 1966 to Mar. 1967 suggest that the opposite is true.

II. Cosmic-ray latitude survey in Canada in December, 1965

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (19) ◽  
pp. 2051-2055 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Carmichael ◽  
M. Bercovitch
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Neutron Monitor ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Counting Rate ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Southern Boundary ◽  
Summer Survey ◽  
Made In

This, the second paper of a set of five, describes a small latitude survey, made in Canada in December, 1965, while the intensity of cosmic radiation was still within one per cent of its IQSY maximum. Flat sites at airports were used in the hope of eliminating environmental effects noted in the 1965 summer survey and particular care was taken to verify the barometric data. The objective was to improve upon the summer measurements as regards the boundary of the high-latitude plateau of the neutron-monitor intensity and it is believed that an intrinsic accuracy within 0.1% was achieved, but it was found that the NM-64 neutron-monitor counting rate was decreased about 0.5% by the presence of snow on the ground. The intensity near sea level appeared to be constant to the southern boundary of the survey at Windsor Airport (1.56 GV). The two most southerly sites, Windsor and Toronto (1.33 GV), were snow-free.

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BAROMETER COEFFICIENTS FOR COSMIC-RAY INTENSITIES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 687-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Lapointe ◽  
D. C. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Neutron Monitor ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Geomagnetic Latitude ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Latitude Effect ◽  
Standard Neutron ◽  
The One

The data from all four Canadian cosmic-ray stations, Ottawa, Resolute, Churchill, and Sulphur Mountain, have been analyzed statistically with the help of an I.B.M. 650 computer over a period of three and a half years extending from the beginning of the I.G.Y. in July 1957 to the end of 1960. The barometer coefficients for triple and double coincidences in the international cubical telescope and for the nucleon intensity in the standard neutron monitor have been derived. A single correlation between intensity and pressure was used; two different ways of effecting this correlation were tried over a 6-month period. The results were compared and the best method was applied to the remaining three years. Monthly values were calculated, as were yearly values and also values for the 3-year period. The results reveal no significant seasonal variations in the barometer coefficients and no significant year-to-year variation. However, the seasonal fluctuations of the nucleon coefficient unsuspectedly follow those of the meson. A small latitude effect seems to be present. The nucleon coefficient at Sulphur Mountain, a high altitude station, is larger than the one at Ottawa (same geomagnetic latitude, sea level station).

Moisture and humidity dependence of the above-ground cosmic-ray neutron intensity revised

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Köhli ◽  
Jannis Weimar ◽  
Benjamin Fersch ◽  
Roland Baatz ◽  
Martin Schrön ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Mathematical Treatment ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Parameter Equation ◽  
Neutron Count ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Humidity Dependence

<p>The novel method of Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) allows non-invasive soil moisture measurements at a hectometer scaled footprint. Up to now, the conversion of soil moisture to a detectable neutron count rate relies mainly on the equation presented by Desilets et al. (2010). While in general a hyperbolic expression can be derived from theoretical considerations, their empiric parameterisation needs to be revised for two reasons. Firstly, a rigorous mathematical treatment reveals that the values of the four parameters are ambiguous because their values are not independent. We find a 3-parameter equation with unambiguous values of the parameters which is equivalent in any other respect to the 4-parameter equation. Secondly, high-resolution Monte-Carlo simulations revealed a systematic deviation of the count rate to soil moisture relation especially for extremely dry conditions as well as very humid conditions. That is a hint, that a smaller contribution to the intensity was forgotten or not adequately treated by the conventional approach. Investigating the above-ground neutron flux by a broadly based Monte-Carlo simulation campaign revealed a more detailed understanding of different contributions to this signal, especially targeting air humidity corrections. The packages MCNP and URANOS were used to derive a function able to describe the respective dependencies including the effect of different hydrogen pools and the detector-specific response function. The new relationship has been tested at three exemplary measurement sites and its remarkable performance allows for a promising prospect of more comprehensive data quality in the future.</p>

Neutron production by cosmic-ray particles at sea level and underground

1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 326-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Sard ◽  
M. F. Crouch ◽  
D. R. Jones ◽  
A. M. Conforto ◽  
B. F. Stearns
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Neutron Production
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