scholarly journals Early Disclosure of Invention and Reduced Duplication: An Empirical Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 2677-2685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Lück ◽  
Benjamin Balsmeier ◽  
Florian Seliger ◽  
Lee Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Business Strategy ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Firm Strategy ◽  
Innovation Strategy ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Technological Competition ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
The U.S

Much work on innovation strategy assumes or theorizes that competition in innovation elicits duplication of research and that disclosure decreases such duplication. We validate this empirically using the American Inventors Protection Act (AIPA), three complementary identification strategies, and a new measure of blocked future patent applications. We show that AIPA—intended to reduce duplication, through default disclosure of patent applications 18 months after filing—reduced duplication in the U.S. and European patent systems. The blocking measure provides a clear and micro measure of technological competition that can be aggregated to facilitate the empirical investigation of innovation, firm strategy, and the positive and negative externalities of patenting. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.

Shared social responsibility. Dual role of consumers as stakeholders in firm strategy

2019 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Barboza ◽  
Valerien Pede ◽  
Sergio Madero
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Firm Strategy ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Information Asymmetries ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Pigouvian Tax ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to model the role that stakeholders, and especially social responsible consumers play in the process of finding a win–win solution to control production related negative externalities. In this regard, when information asymmetries are present and consumers become knowledgeable about them, consumers with d-preferences for corporate social responsibility (CSR) type of products becomes the driver of the firm strategy. Design/methodology/approach To accomplish the goals of this paper, the authors proceed to develop a series of theoretical models wherein the social gains and costs of alternative modes of intervention are illustrated. The authors begin with a standard Pigouvian tax model and construct a stakeholder equivalent tax model and finalize the analysis with consumers acting in a shared social responsible behavior with firms as the optimal solution model. Findings The authors show that proactive disclosure of information asymmetries regarding negative externalities develops a shared social responsibility between consumers and firms. Market-based solutions to the externality problem are achieved under this setting. This solution is preferred to a Pigouvian tax and to a stakeholder equivalent tax. It is concluded that shared social responsibility is the result of the interaction of consumers with d-preferences and the reaction of a socially responsible “firm” willing, and the authors are able to incorporate these preferences as drivers for its strategy. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of this paper is in its theoretical nature and specific applications to one case, that of negative externalities in production processes. The implication of this is that the model herein developed needs to be put to the empirical test. Social implications The overall social implications indicate that active reduction of information asymmetries is welfare improving and preferred to government intervention. Originality/value This paper is original as it makes use of economic principles to develop a parsimonious model to demonstrate that proactive actions of a firm in response to consumers and stakeholders demands leads to an overall social welfare improvement when negative externalities deriving from production are incorporated into the decision making process of both consumers and firms. These decisions prove superior to government regulations.

scholarly journals Pharmaceutical Product Liability, Litigation Regimes and the Propensity to Patent: an Empirical Firm-level Investigation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitja Kovac ◽  
Salvini Datta ◽  
Rok Spruk
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Patent Application ◽  
Product Liability ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Second Category ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

<p>Our data on the legal status of patent applications is from European Patent Office's (EPO) PATSTAT database which contains bibliographic and legal status firm-level patent data from leading industrialized and developing countries for the period 1995-2015. Sixteen different forms of legal statues are broadly classified and systematized into four broad categories. The first category entails the patent applications sent to EPO. This category is used to code firm-level observations based on whether the patent application has been submitted to EPO. The second category comprises the pooled firm-level observations for which the patent application has been approved and official validated. This category comprises the firms for which a valid patent has been approved in a given year. The third category comprises the firms whose patent application has been rejected by EPO on various ground which exceed the scope of this paper. And fourth, the remaining forms of legal status were coded into miscellaneous category which amounts to a minor fraction of the whole set of applications and which are omitted from the empirical analysis.</p>

美國生物科技新專利適格性原則之研究

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 97-160
Author(s):  
李順典 李順典
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
Global Strategies ◽  
The U.S

鑑於美國最高法院重新激活了專利適格性標的要件，其認為涉及發明的自然法則、自然現象或抽象概念，除非它們也包含「發明的概念」，否則不具專利適格性，因而引發了巨大爭議。因為新專利適格性原則不當削弱了美國在創新中的領導地位，而且它們已經給美國專利制度注入了巨大的法律不確定性，所以美國應重新思考生物技術產業創新的激勵措施生物技術公司的專利適格性在不同的國家面臨不斷的改變，故必須發展保護生物技術創新的全球策略，可行的發展策略應是根據國家的法律標準申請專利。In view of the United States Supreme Court has reinvigorated the patent-eligible subject matter requirement, holding that inventions directed to laws of nature, natural phenomena, or abstract ideas are not eligible for patenting unless they also contain an ''inventive concept.'' As a result, the Supreme Court has sparked tremendous controversy. Since the new patent eligibility doctrine is undermining U.S. leadership in innovation, so the U.S. shall reconsider the incentives for innovation in the biotechnologyindustry. Biotech companies facing constant changes in patent eligibility in different countries have to develop global strategies for protecting biotechnology innovations, and a recommended strategy is to file patent applications tailored to the legal standards of the countries of interest.

scholarly journals Anatomy of the Italian occupational structure: concentrated power and distributed knowledge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armanda Cetrulo ◽  
Dario Guarascio ◽  
Maria Enrica Virgillito
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Distributed Knowledge ◽  
Level Of Aggregation ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Which type of work do Italians perform? In this contribution, we aim at detecting the anatomy of the Italian occupational structure by taking stock of a micro-level dataset registering the task content, the execution of procedures, the knowledge embedded in the work itself, called ICP (Indagine Campionaria sulle Professioni), the latter being comparable to the U.S. O*NET dataset. We perform an extensive empirical investigation moving from the micro to the macro level of aggregation. Our results show that the Italian occupational structure is strongly hierarchical, with the locus of power distinct by the locus of knowledge generation. It is also weak in terms of collaborative and worker involvement practices, and possibility to be creative. Our analysis allows to pinpoint the role exerted by hierarchical structures, decision-making autonomy, and knowledge as the most relevant attributes characterizing the division of labor.

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