The perception of episiotomy among Iranian women: a qualitative study

Background Around 70% of women who give birth vaginally experience perineal injury during childbirth, which may happen spontaneously or as a result of the incision made to facilitate childbirth. There are very few studies on the perceptions of episiotomy recipients about these services. Therefore, investigating these women's perception is crucial for providing appropriate care. Methods This qualitative study examined 20 women from hospitals and health centres who had undergone episiotomy using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using conventional content analysis and the accuracy and rigour of the data were assessed using the Lincoln and Guba criteria. Results The ‘change in perception and behaviour’ theme encompassed one category of negative experiences and views about episiotomy and a second category covering positive views. Conclusions Women's perceptions of episiotomy contained both positive and negative views. Since healthcare systems should support mothers' physical and mental health, it is recommended that health policymakers devise plans to boost factors that lead to positive views and eliminate those contributing to negative experiences and views.

Compassion-based care for COVID-19 Patients: a qualitative analysis of nurses’ perceptions

Compassion is a basic approach to medical practice and is the core component of health care. The purpose of the present study was to explore nurses' perceptions of compassion-based care (CBC) for COVID-19 patients. In this qualitative study, the participants were selected using purposeful sampling. Individual and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 nurses, and conventional content analysis was used to categorize the data. In the care of COVID-19 patients, CBC consisted of three categories including pro-social behaviors, paying attention to the beliefs and values ​​of patients, and concern for family members. The first category had three subcategories including empathy, altruism, and helping in critical situations. The second category included the subcategories of the spiritual approach to care and respect for cultural aspects. The third category, concern for family members, had one subcategory: the need to consider the patient's family. Our findings may help to develop a comprehensive model in COVID-19 care according to which, in addition to routine patient care, nurses will consider concepts such as empathy, altruism, helping in critical situations, spirituality, cultural values, ​​and the family’s needs at the end of the patient's life.

The Role of Root Cause Analysis (RCA) in Power Distribution Network Interruption Reduction

Responsibility and reliability are very important for electricity subscribers. Due to their extent, these networks face a variety of challenges, and most of them are recurring but can be prevented if the root causes are identified. One of the methods to identify the root of network problems is to use the RCA method in the analysis of blackouts. RCA is an approach that systematically investigates adverse events and, by gathering evidence and documentation, finds its root causes and offers solutions to address them. Finally, it monitors the implementation of solutions and evaluates their effectiveness. In this chapter, while introducing some of the challenges of medium voltage power supply networks, the root of the problems are extracted, and corrective solutions are presented in three sample problematic feeders. After extracting the solutions, they are divided into two categories: the first category is the solutions specific to the sample feeder, and the second category is the solutions that can be generalized to other parts of the power supply network.

Routine of the unpredictable: workloads and health of urgent and emergency nursing workers

ABSTRACT Objective: To know the perceptions of nursing professionals in urgent and emergency services regarding workloads and the relationship with their health. Method: Descriptive qualitative study carried out in two urgent and emergency sectors in southern Brazil. 16 nursing professionals were interviewed. The data were subjected to thematic content analysis. Results: The first thematic category highlighted the workloads in the daily lives of professionals, highlighting Covid-19 as an element recently incorporated into the perception of biological load. The psychic load is enhanced by stress and suffering in the face of deaths, in addition to adverse working conditions. The second category showed the interface between the loads, the overload and the workers’ health, highlighting the importance of the psychic load in mental health. Conclusion: Workloads are enhanced by working conditions and the relationship with the profession’s work object, generating overload and risk of mental illness.

The Cusp–Core Problem in Gas-Poor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies

This review deals with the inconsistency of inner dark matter density profiles in dwarf galaxies, known as the cusp–core problem. In particular, we aim to focus on gas-poor dwarf galaxies. One of the most promising solutions to this cold dark matter small-scale issue is the stellar feedback, but it seems to be only designed for gas-rich dwarfs. However, in the regime of classical dwarfs, this core mechanism becomes negligible. Therefore, it is required to find solutions without invoking these baryonic processes as dark matter cores tend to persist even for these dwarfs, which are rather dark-matter-dominated. Here, we have presented two categories of solutions. One consists of creating dark matter cores from cusps within cold dark matter by altering the dark matter potential via perturbers. The second category gathers solutions that depict the natural emergence of dark matter cores in alternative theories. Given the wide variety of solutions, it becomes necessary to identify which mechanism dominates in the central region of galaxies by finding observational signatures left by them in order to highlight the true nature of dark matter.

The image of the enemy in textbooks on the history of the USSR in the 1930s

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of the image of the enemy in the textbook of Andrei Shestakov "A Short Course in the History of the USSR." Also, the historiography of the issue is analyzed. It applies to both the Soviet era and the present. Despite the modest attention to this topic by foreign experts, the works that directly affect the issue are highlighted. The main changes in the then system of school education, which led to its unification and formed the requirements for the history lesson in general and the need to develop a textbook in particular, are outlined. The role of Andrei Shestakov, who was one of the first to develop an "ideal" history textbook for the Soviet government, is revealed. His career growth and work with Marxist-Leninist ideology are shown, which in turn helped to achieve this goal.The process of modification of negative connotations concerning those forces against which the Bolsheviks fought is traced. Thus considering the period of ancient history, the author criticized rich people. The negative image deepened when it came to religion in the Middle Ages. Priests and monks, compared to the wealthy, were perceived not as something "foreign" but more negative as something "hostile." Wealthy peasants received a special color, the term "kulaks" was used for them. The closer A. Shestakov approached the twentieth century in his presentation of historical material, the clearer the formation of the image of the enemy, not only internal but also external. Thus, the first was personified by all the forces against which the Bolsheviks fought. To define such "enemies" used the definition - "counter-revolutionary". The second category was represented by the Entente and the Nazis, who came to power primarily in Germany and Italy.

On pairwise fuzzy almost gp-spaces

In this paper, the concept of pairwise fuzzy almost GP-spaces is introduced by means of pairwise fuzzy dense and pairwise fuzzy Gδ-sets . It is shown that the pairwise fuzzy almost GP-spaces are pairwise fuzzy irresolvable spaces and pairwise fuzzy submaximal spaces are pairwise fuzzy almost GP-spaces. Also it is established that the pairwise fuzzy strongly irresolvable and pairwise fuzzy nodec spaces are pairwise fuzzy almost GP-spaces. The conditions for the fuzzy bitopological spaces to become pairwise fuzzy σ-second category spaces and pairwise fuzzy weakly Volterra spaces are also obtained.

Experience of adherence to treatment among patients with coronary artery disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused patients with chronic diseases to face various challenges. The present qualitative study aimed to explore adherence to treatment in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This qualitative content analysis was conducted from September 2020 to February 2021. Online in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 patients with CAD after discharge from Nemazi and Al-Zahra heart hospitals, Shiraz, Iran. Data management was done via MAXQDA 12 software using conventional content analysis based on the method proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. Results: The results revealed three main categories, nine subcategories, and 431 primary codes. The first category was ‘improved self-care in the shadow of COVID-19‘ (Improving self-care due to fear of COVID-19, ‘utilization of alternative strategies, and reinforcement of self-care beliefs). The second category was ‘redefinition of support systems’ (need for a support system, seeking for alternative support systems, and changes in social interactions). The last category was ‘barriers to treatment adherence’ (shortage of financial resources, need to adjust with working conditions, and mental conflicts). Conclusion: The results indicated that the COVID-19 threats encouraged the patients with CAD to adhere to their care principles. Nonetheless, the restrictions resulting from the pandemic caused problems in adherence to treatment. Thus, redefinition of the support systems in accordance with the present conditions are recommended.

Cognitive Frailty: An Update

This review article provides an update of the empirical research on cognitive fragility conducted in the last four years. The studies retrieved were classified in four different categories. The first category includes articles relating cognitive frailty to cognitive reserve and which continue to highlight the importance of educational level. The second category includes recent research on cognitive fragility biomarkers, involving neuroimaging, metabolism and, in a novel way, microbiota. The third category includes research on how cognitive frailty is related to motor development and physical functioning, exploring e.g. the use of technology to study motor markers of cognitive frailty. Finally, in the fourth category, research clarifying the difference between reversible frailty and potentially reversible cognitive frailty has led to new interventions aimed at reducing cognitive frailty and preventing negative health outcomes. Interventions based on physical activity and multicomponent interventions are particularly emphasized. In addition, recent research explores the long-term effects of dual interventions in older adults living in nursing homes. In summary, research on cognitive frailty has increased in recent years, and applied aspects have gained importance.

DEPRESIVNOSTI VIZUELNO PAMĆENJE SPECIFIČNIH STIMULUSA (EMOTIKONA)

Depression is a state of reduced psychophysical activity that is accompanied by various changes in cognitive, emotional and social functioning. Previous studies have found that depression leads to changes in the recognition of the emotions of others, makes it difficult to direct attention and significantly impairs visual memory. The main goal of this research is to examine the relations between depressive symptoms and visual memory of specific stimuli that show emotions. We also want to examine whether the intensity of depressive symptoms is related to longer reaction time in the experimental task, as well as whether the accuracy of the emoticon’s visual memory depends on the set size. The research was conducted on a sample of 84 participants, students of Faculty of Philosophy in Banja Luka (90% female). The PHQ-9 questionnaire was used to assess depressive symptoms. Visual memory task was created in SuperLab 4.1. for Windows.The results show that there is a partial contribution of moderate depression to the accuracy of emoticon memory with sadness expression. No partial contribution of any category of depression to the memory accuracy of emoticons with the expression of happiness has been determined. A statistically significant negative correlation for the category of “sad” stimuli was obtained between the expression of depressive symptoms and the response time in the experimental task, while no statistically significant correlation was obtained for the second category of stimuli. It was also found that the number of errors increases with the set size. These results can be explained by negative bias and cognitive load in information processing. Key words: visual memory, depression, emoticons, expression of happiness, expression of sadness