Abstract
Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex molecules play an essential role in immune interactions by presenting peptides on the cell surface to T cells. With significant progress in deep learning, a series of neural network based models have been proposed and demonstrated with their good performances for peptide-HLA class I binding prediction. However, there still lack effective binding prediction models for HLA class II protein binding with peptides due to its inherent challenges. In this work, we present a novel sequence-based pan-specific neural network structure, DeepSeaPanII, for peptide-HLA class II binding prediction. Compared with existing pan-specific models, our model is an end-to-end neural network model without the need for pre- or post-processing on input samples. Results: The leave-one-allele-out cross validation and benchmark evaluation results show that our proposed network model achieved state-of-the-art performance in HLA-II peptide binding. Besides state-of-the-art performance in binding affinity prediction, DeepSeqPanII can also extract biological insight on the binding mechanism over the peptide and HLA sequences by its attention mechanism based binding core prediction capability. Conclusions: In this work, we present a novel neural network structure for peptide-HLA class II binding prediction. It has state-of-the-art performance and could display insightful information it learned benefiting from attention module we carefully designed. Without requiring additional data, this structure could be applied to other related sequence problems. The source code and trained models are freely available at https://github.com/pcpLiu/DeepSeqPanII.
State of the Art—Location on Networks: A Survey. Part II: Exploiting Tree Network Structure
