Mutagenicity and Pollutant Emission Factors of Solid-Fuel Cookstoves: Comparison with Other Combustion Sources

The estimation of emissions inventories of climate forcing species and air pollutants from activities such as the burning of biomass from cooking food in rural environments in Mexico presents some degree of uncertainty due to the lack of locally obtained emission factors; emissions estimates were generally obtained with other types of biomass and cookstoves. The relevance of these pollutants to Mexico is mainly due to their contribution to air pollution, global warming and negative impacts on human health. This study presents an assembly of a series of theoretical-experimental procedures for the estimation of emission factors in improved stoves and other biomass burning processes. The design is based on the use of a controlled dilution system from which samples are obtained for the determination of PM2.5&#160;and the content of organic carbon and elemental carbon. The flow of diluted samples is conditioned for continuous monitoring of polluting gases (NOx, CO, NHMC, and SO2), in addition to climate forcing gases such as CO2&#160;and CH4&#160;with a mobile laboratory equipped with instrumentation for air quality measurements. The new sampling design allows the determination of gaseous and particle matter emission factors through the application of two procedures: carbon mass balance and concentration ratios with respect to CO2&#160;and CO. The proposed design was evaluated for three improved cookstoves (Patsari, Onil, Ecoestufa) using a water boiling test protocol and white oak as fuel, the proposed controlled dilution sampling design can be a reliable method for the determination of emission factors from small combustion sources when biomass is used as fuel and also by using the carbon balance to obtain the emission factors, we reduce the inherent uncertainties of the process due to the difficulty associated with the sampling of this type of emissions under isokinetic conditions in low flow exhaust conditions such as those of small emission sources. The final emission factor consists of a weighted range of the factors determined for each species with respect to the amount of oxidized carbon in each of them. The feasibility of the experimental design is demonstrated by an application of using white oak wood as fuel in three improved cookstoves and one three stones. The ranges of emission factors obtained for the three improved cookstoves in g/kg of wood consumed were: CO2, 1309-1375; CH4, 3-4; EC, 0.16 &#8211; 0.71; OC 1.94-2.89; CO, 63 - 103; y PM2.5, 3.17 &#8211; 4.12, while for the three stones the ranges of emission in g/kg of wood consumed were: CO2, 1141- 1232; CH4, 4.15-4.71; EC, 1.06 &#8211; 1.78; OC, 4.79-6.03; CO, 124 - 170; y PM2.5, 7.47 &#8211; 10.18 g/kg.

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Fish Processing Wastewater: Emission Factors and High Load Trickling Filters Evaluation

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1992.0002 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. Battistoni ◽

G. Fava ◽

A. Gatto

Keyword(s):

Cross Flow ◽

Emission Factors ◽

High Rate ◽

Superior Performance ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Order Kinetic ◽

Fish Processing ◽

Kinetic Reaction ◽

Trickling Filters ◽

Frozen Fish

An Italian seafood factory processing frozen fish and fresh clams was investigated. Specific water consumption (SC) and pollutant emission factors (EF) are evaluated. Results evidence high SC values, in the range 18-74 1/Kg, due to defrost and extensive washing and cleaning practised; EFs appear high although not directly comparable with data reported by other authors. Two high-rate trickling filters, cross flow (CF) and vertical flow (VF), are examined over a two years period. Results suggest a pseudo half-order kinetic reaction with a superior performance of CF plastic media. From the elaboration of the experimental data a semiempirical correlation between specific surface removal (SSR) and operative parameters is obtained.

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Spatially Resolved Emission Factors to Reduce Uncertainties in Air Pollutant Emission Estimates from the Residential Sector

Environmental Science & Technology ◽

10.1021/acs.est.0c08568 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 55 (8) ◽

pp. 4483-4493

Author(s):

Xinlei Liu ◽

Guofeng Shen ◽

Laiguo Chen ◽

Zhe Qian ◽

Ningning Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emission Factors ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Residential Sector ◽

Spatially Resolved

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Emission Factors of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Residential Solid Fuel Combustions

10.1007/978-3-642-39762-2 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Guofeng Shen

Keyword(s):

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Solid Fuel ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic

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Appendix C: Air Pollutant Emission Factors

Industrial Environmental Management ◽

10.1002/9781119666950.app3 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 487-491

Keyword(s):

Emission Factors ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emission

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Study on the Annual Reduction Rate of Vehicle Emission Factors for Carbon Monoxide: A Case Study of Urban Road Tunnels in Shenzhen, China

Advances in Civil Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/1686753 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Weiwei Liu ◽

Jianxun Chen ◽

Yanbin Luo ◽

Zhou Shi ◽

Xiang Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Reduction Rate ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Passenger Cars ◽

Urban Road ◽

Road Tunnels ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Annual Reduction ◽

Co Emission

Environmental pollution and energy conservation in urban tunnels have become important issues that affect the scientific design and sustainable development of urban tunnels. The carbon monoxide (CO) concentration in urban road tunnels is regarded as a direct reflection and a useful tracer of the intensity of anthropogenic transportation activities. Previous studies in recent years have paid more attention to pollutant emission factors, but less to the calculation parameters of ventilation design for tunnels. This paper aims to study a reasonable annual reduction rate of CO base emission factors. Therefore, a detailed field measurement was carried out in the four typical urban road tunnels, Henglongshan Tunnel, Cejiexian Tunnel, Jiuweiling Tunnel, and Dameisha Tunnel in Shenzhen, China, from March 29 to September 16, 2014. Measurement results showed that the traffic flow of the four urban tunnels had been approaching the design value, or even beyond the limit. The average daily air velocities in the four tunnels were all within 5 m/s, whereas the maximum air velocity had exceeded the limit of 10 m/s. The CO concentrations in Henglongshan Tunnel, Cejiexian Tunnel, Jiuweiling Tunnel, and Dameisha Tunnel were 17 ppm, 7 ppm, 39 ppm, and 8 ppm, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the average CO emission factors of Henglongshan Tunnel, Cejiexian Tunnel, Jiuweiling Tunnel, and Dameisha Tunnel were 1.075 g/(km·veh), 1.245 g/(km·veh), 4.154 g/(km·veh), and 1.739 g/(km·veh), respectively. Based on the statistical data, the CO emission factors of mixed traffic and passenger cars decrease by an average of 16.4% and 33.3%, respectively, per year through the regression method and by an average of 17.4% and 29.0%, respectively, per year through the extremum method. Finally, when considering the safety factor of 20%, it is more reasonable for the CO base emission to adopt 4% as an annual reduction rate for ventilation design in urban tunnels.

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