Neuropathological Observation of Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Affected with Raccoon Roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) Larva Migrans in Japan

Toxocara canis and the syndromes of visceral and ocular larva migrans (VLM, OLM), covert toxocarosis, and neurological toxocarosis are described. Other potential agents, particularly Toxocara cati and Baylisascaris procyonis , are described. The transmission dynamics of toxocarosis to humans have never been fully elucidated, but the potential roles of pet and stray dogs, foxes, cats, and the influence of their population densities, and age demographies, are discussed in relation to contamination of the environment with eggs. Routes of infection with eggs by geophagia, poor hygiene outdoors and with dogs, and fly-borne contamination of food, and meat-borne ingestion of larvae are described. The development of prolonged in vitro culture and analyses of T. canis larval excretions/secretions (TES) and surface antigens helped explain the importance of the rapid production and shedding of TES in the prolonged course of infection and pathogenesis of disease. TES also have greatly improved serodiagnosis. However, we still have insufficient understanding of differences in the aetiology of the larvae or differences in immune responses among individuals to account for development of VLM, covert toxocarosis, or OLM in different individuals. Our understanding of the immunopathological response of the host to TES has emphasized the need for anti-inflammatory therapy in treatment; unfortunately, less information is available on the true efficacy of the anthelmintics available. The complexity of the T. canis life cycle in dogs is described and therapeutic regimens to prevent excretion of eggs by pet dogs are given. This, plus adequate control or exclusion of stray or wild canids from a property could prevent most cases of VLM. Control of infection from free-ranging stray dogs, cats and foxes, will be difficult and more data are needed to clarify the importance of these and of fly-borne and meat-borne transfer of infection to humans for control.

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Baylisascaris procyonis un nemátodo del mapache urbano, agente zoonótico emergente por considerar como diagnóstico diferencial de larva migrans en Costa Rica. Revisión

Revista Ciencias Veterinarias ◽

10.15359/rcv.35-1.2 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Mario Baldi ◽

Martha Piche ◽

Mario Romero ◽

Sabine Elisabeth Hutter ◽

Víctor Montenegro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Procyon Lotor ◽

Larva Migrans ◽

Baylisascaris Procyonis

El ascaridio Baylisascaris procyonis es un agente parasitario de importancia para la salud pública, siendo su huésped definitivo el mapache común (Procyon lotor). Un nuevo informe alerta sobre la presencia de estas lombrices en poblaciones de mapaches en la zona urbana de Costa Rica, y hace énfasis en la necesidad de conocer más sobre este parásito, su ciclo de vida y cómo prevenir su transmisión en humanos y animales domésticos. Esta comunicación es una breve revisión sobre los aspectos más importantes de este nematodo y sus efectos negativos en la salud animal y pública. Además, se hace hincapié en los mejores métodos de diagnóstico etiológico y los más apropiados para animales domésticos, así como el tratamiento y la prevención en perros. El presente artículo pretende formar conciencia en los trabajadores de la salud pública y animal sobre la necesidad de tomar el Bayliascaris procyonis dentro de su diagnóstico diferencial de larvas migrantes en Costa Rica.

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Parasitic helminths from feral raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Japan

Helminthologia ◽

10.2478/s11687-006-0027-8 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 139-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Y. Matoba ◽

D. Yamada ◽

M. Asano ◽

Y. Oku ◽

K. Kitaura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Procyon Lotor ◽

Epidemiological Survey ◽

Larva Migrans ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Taenia Hydatigena ◽

Molecular Analyses ◽

Parasitic Helminths ◽

Baylisascaris Procyonis ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽

Free Ranging

AbstractAn epidemiological survey of 1688 free-ranging raccoons (Procyon lotor) captured on the Japanese main islands of Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu was undertaken to determine whether Baylisascaris procyonis, which provokes fatal neurological larva migrans was present; however, the worm was not detected in any of these individuals. A helminthological investigation was carried out on 229 of the captured racoons and the following worms obtained: Toxocara tanuki, Porrocaecum sp., Molineus legerae, Ancylostoma kushimaense, Aonchotheca putorii, Centrorhynchus sp., Centrorhynchus bazaleticus, C. elongatum, Plagiorhynchidae gen sp., Hemiechinosoma sp., Metagonimus takahashii, M. miyatai, Euparyphium sp., Plagiorchis muris, Brachylaima sp., and Taenia hydatigena. These were the first records of Porrocaecum sp., M. miyatai, Brachylaima sp. and T. hydatigena obtained from Japanese feral raccoons. Scanning electron microscopic and/or molecular analyses were performed for both T. tanuki and T. hydatigena as these helminths both have a zoonotic counterpart amongst their families.

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BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS (NEMATODA: ASCARIDIDAE) LARVA MIGRANS IN FREE-RANGING WILDLIFE IN ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

Journal of Parasitology ◽

10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0299:bpnalm]2.0.co;2 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 299-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Richard H. Evans

Keyword(s):

Orange County ◽

Larva Migrans ◽

Baylisascaris Procyonis ◽

Free Ranging

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Baylisascaris procyonis larva migrans in two white-headed lemurs (Eulemur albifrons) in Spain and response to treatment derived from a human pediatric protocol

Veterinary Parasitology ◽

10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.010 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 210 (3-4) ◽

pp. 246-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria-Angeles Jimenez Martinez ◽

Esther Valderrabano Cano ◽

Jose L. Rois

Keyword(s):

Response To Treatment ◽

Larva Migrans ◽

Baylisascaris Procyonis

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Update on Baylisascariasis, a Highly Pathogenic Zoonotic Infection

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.00044-15 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 375-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Carlos Graeff-Teixeira ◽

Alessandra Loureiro Morassutti ◽

Kevin R. Kazacos

Keyword(s):

Early Treatment ◽

Larva Migrans ◽

Zoonotic Infection ◽

Current Recommendation ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Content Type ◽

Baylisascaris Procyonis ◽

Wide Range ◽

Asymptomatic Infections ◽

Severe Type

SUMMARYBaylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon roundworm, infects a wide range of vertebrate animals, including humans, in which it causes a particularly severe type of larva migrans. It is an important cause of severe neurologic disease (neural larva migrans [NLM]) but also causes ocular disease (OLM; diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis [DUSN]), visceral larva migrans (VLM), and covert/asymptomatic infections.B. procyonisis common and widespread in raccoons, and there is increasing recognition of human disease, making a clinical consideration of baylisascariasis important. This review provides an update for this disease, especially its clinical relevance and diagnosis, and summarizes the clinical cases of human NLM and VLM known to date. Most diagnosed patients have been young children less than 2 years of age, although the number of older patients diagnosed in recent years has been increasing. The recent development of recombinant antigen-based serodiagnostic assays has aided greatly in the early diagnosis of this infection. Patients recovering with fewer severe sequelae have been reported in recent years, reinforcing the current recommendation that early treatment with albendazole and corticosteroids should be initiated at the earliest suspicion of baylisascariasis. Considering the seriousness of this zoonotic infection, greater public and medical awareness is critical for the prevention and early treatment of human cases.

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