Toxocarosis

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheelagh Lloyd ◽  
Eric R. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Baylisascaris Procyonis ◽  
Wild Canids ◽  
Ocular Larva Migrans ◽  
Free Ranging

Toxocara canis and the syndromes of visceral and ocular larva migrans (VLM, OLM), covert toxocarosis, and neurological toxocarosis are described. Other potential agents, particularly Toxocara cati and Baylisascaris procyonis , are described. The transmission dynamics of toxocarosis to humans have never been fully elucidated, but the potential roles of pet and stray dogs, foxes, cats, and the influence of their population densities, and age demographies, are discussed in relation to contamination of the environment with eggs. Routes of infection with eggs by geophagia, poor hygiene outdoors and with dogs, and fly-borne contamination of food, and meat-borne ingestion of larvae are described. The development of prolonged in vitro culture and analyses of T. canis larval excretions/secretions (TES) and surface antigens helped explain the importance of the rapid production and shedding of TES in the prolonged course of infection and pathogenesis of disease. TES also have greatly improved serodiagnosis. However, we still have insufficient understanding of differences in the aetiology of the larvae or differences in immune responses among individuals to account for development of VLM, covert toxocarosis, or OLM in different individuals. Our understanding of the immunopathological response of the host to TES has emphasized the need for anti-inflammatory therapy in treatment; unfortunately, less information is available on the true efficacy of the anthelmintics available. The complexity of the T. canis life cycle in dogs is described and therapeutic regimens to prevent excretion of eggs by pet dogs are given. This, plus adequate control or exclusion of stray or wild canids from a property could prevent most cases of VLM. Control of infection from free-ranging stray dogs, cats and foxes, will be difficult and more data are needed to clarify the importance of these and of fly-borne and meat-borne transfer of infection to humans for control.

Uveitis associated with Toxocara; Clinic, Diagnosis, and Treatment

2019 ◽  
pp. 244-246
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Vitreoretinal Surgery ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Posterior Pole ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
Ocular Toxocariasis ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Ocular Larva Migrans

Ocular toxocariasis or ocular larva migrans is a parasitic infection via the ingestion of dog nematode Toxocara canis and cat nematode Toxocara cati larvae. It usually affects only one eye of the child under the age of sixteen. The most common clinical findings in ocular toxocariasis are peripheral granuloma, posterior pole chorioretinal eosinophilic granulomas, and endophthalmitis or pars planitis. It is diagnosed with clinical findings in developing countries, ELISA antibody tests, and, if necessary, intraocular fluid analysis can be made. Ocular toxocariasis must be distinguished from retinoblastoma and other congenital and inflammatory eye conditions of childhood. In treatment, besides anthelmintic agents, steroid use and vitreoretinal surgery may be needed.

scholarly journals Ocular lesions in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) infected with low larval burden of Toxocara canis: observations using indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 570-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ledilma Inês Duarte Colodetti Zanandréa ◽  
Gabriela Mantovanelli Oliveira ◽  
Andressa Silva Abreu ◽  
Fausto Edmundo Lima Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Detachment ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Ocular Lesions ◽  
Ocular Larva Migrans ◽  
Granulomatous Lesions ◽  
Larval Burden

To study the frequency of ocular lesions in 30 gerbils infected with 100 embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis, indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy was performed 3, 10, 17, 24, 31 and 38 days after infection. All the animals presented larvae in the tissues and 80% presented ocular lesions. Hemorrhagic foci in the choroid and retina were present in 92% of the animals with ocular lesions. Retinal exudative lesions, vitreous lesions, vasculitis and retinal detachment were less frequent. Mobile larvae or larval tracks were observed in four (13.3%) animals. Histological examination confirmed the ophthalmoscopic observations, showing that the lesions were focal and sparse. In one animal, there was a larva in the retina, without inflammatory reaction around it. The results demonstrated that gerbils presented frequent ocular lesions after infection with Toxocara canis, even when infected with a small number of embryonated eggs. The lesions observed were focal, consisting mainly of hemorrhages with signs of reabsorption or inflammation in different segments of eye, and differing from the granulomatous lesions described in ocular larva migrans in humans.

scholarly journals Parasitic helminths from feral raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Matoba ◽  
D. Yamada ◽  
M. Asano ◽  
Y. Oku ◽  
K. Kitaura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Procyon Lotor ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Taenia Hydatigena ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Baylisascaris Procyonis ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Free Ranging

AbstractAn epidemiological survey of 1688 free-ranging raccoons (Procyon lotor) captured on the Japanese main islands of Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu was undertaken to determine whether Baylisascaris procyonis, which provokes fatal neurological larva migrans was present; however, the worm was not detected in any of these individuals. A helminthological investigation was carried out on 229 of the captured racoons and the following worms obtained: Toxocara tanuki, Porrocaecum sp., Molineus legerae, Ancylostoma kushimaense, Aonchotheca putorii, Centrorhynchus sp., Centrorhynchus bazaleticus, C. elongatum, Plagiorhynchidae gen sp., Hemiechinosoma sp., Metagonimus takahashii, M. miyatai, Euparyphium sp., Plagiorchis muris, Brachylaima sp., and Taenia hydatigena. These were the first records of Porrocaecum sp., M. miyatai, Brachylaima sp. and T. hydatigena obtained from Japanese feral raccoons. Scanning electron microscopic and/or molecular analyses were performed for both T. tanuki and T. hydatigena as these helminths both have a zoonotic counterpart amongst their families.

scholarly journals Larva migrans visceral: relato de caso

2003 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Bortoli Machado ◽  
Marice Emanuela El Achkar
Keyword(s):  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Toxocara Cati

Larva migrans visceral é doença infecciosa, adquirida por ingestão de ovos provenientes dos vermes Toxocara canis e/ou Toxocara cati que infestam cães e gatos; as larvas penetram a parede intestinal e migram através dos tecidos levando a alterações diversas, conseqüentes a uma resposta inflamatória imune.¹ Os autores descrevem um caso clínico de larva migrans visceral com apresentação clínica atípica.

scholarly journals In vitro cultivation of Toxocara cati adult worms for production of eggs and evaluation of oviposition

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zibaei ◽  
S. Sadjjadi ◽  
B. Sarkari ◽  
A. Oryan ◽  
S. Uga
Keyword(s):  
Culture Method ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Immunological Diagnosis ◽  
The Mean

AbstractToxocariasis is the clinical syndrome caused by infection of zoonotic roundworms of dogs (Toxocara canis) or cats (Toxocara cati). Current research on the immunology and pathology aspects of toxocariasis requires Toxocara second stage larvae and a ready source of excretory-secretory (ES) antigens. We cultured eleven pairs of both sexes of Toxocara cati adult worms maintained in RPMI 1640 medium in order to evaluate the amounts and duration of egg laying. At the first day and last day (day 19), the mean egg counts were 9300 and 250 eggs/ml, respectively. These results showed that this culture method is very appropriate for collection of pure oviposited eggs and/or production of adult ES antigens of Toxocara cati that could be used for immunological diagnosis of toxocariasis.

scholarly journals Toxocara spp., Larva migrans visceral e Saúde Pública: Revisão

PubVet ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Dryellen Aparecida da Silva Felix ◽  
Camila Xavier da Silva ◽  
Jucélia da Silva Gomes ◽  
Eduardo Gomes Dias ◽  
Jacelino da Silva Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Toxocara Cati

As espécies Toxocara canis e Toxocara cati são responsáveis pela zoonose conhecida como toxocaríase, que afeta ocasionalmente o homem e são parasitas gastrintestinais de cães e gatos que apresentam distribuição global. No Brasil, o agente tem ampla distribuição, atingindo principalmente crianças, devido a hábitos geofágicos, contato íntimo com animais e acesso a lugares contaminados por fezes. Observa-se a necessidade de transferir informações à população, uma vez que essa importante infecção zoonótica está entre as mais comuns em todo o mundo e constitui um risco potencial à saúde. Em suma, esta revisão objetivou investigar os fatores predisponentes, os sinais clínicos, os meios de diagnóstico disponíveis e a prevalência da infecção em cães, gatos, canídeos e felídeos selvagens e o homem.

CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIA DUE TO VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. BEAVER ◽  
C. H. SNYDER ◽  
G. M. CARRERA ◽  
J. H. DENT ◽  
J. W. LAFFERTY
Keyword(s):  
Infected Individual ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Benign Disease ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
Visceral Larva Migrans ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Granulomatous Lesions ◽  
Tissue Reactions ◽  
Migration And Development

Three cases of chronic extreme eosinophilia with granulomatous lesions in the liver have been studied. A larval nematode observed in sections from the liver of one patient has been identified either as Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, common cosmopolitan ascarids of dogs and cats; available evidence favors the former. The term visceral larva migrans is proposed for this type of parasitism, known in animals but not previously described in humans. It is related to better known cutaneous larva migrans, in that both are usually caused by infective stage larvae of nematode parasites of other animals. Man being an abnormal host, either has unfavorable tissue reactions or otherwise fails to provide stimuli for usual tissue migration and development of the parasite. As a result, larvae remain active for variable periods in various tissues. Similar but less severe and less prolonged reactions occur when the larvae of normal nematode parasites of man invade the tissues of a hyperimmune individual. Visceral larva migrans is usually a relatively benign disease, characterized chiefly by sustained eosinophilia, pneumonitis and hepatomegaly, and probably is due both to direct tissue damage by migrating larvae and to allergic responses to their products. Its severity varies with the number of larvae in the tissues and the immune or allergic state of the infected individual.

scholarly journals Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina in wild and domestic carnivores

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Okulewicz ◽  
A. Perec-Matysiak ◽  
K. Buńkowska ◽  
J. Hildebrand
Keyword(s):  
Paratenic Host ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
Wild Canids ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Domestic Carnivores ◽  
Toxascaris Leonina

AbstractAscarididae nematodes of genera Toxocara and Toxascaris are of significant epizootic relevance among predatory mammals from families Canidae and Felidae. Localization of these nematodes in the definitive hosts, their morphology, as well as the measurements of eggs and adult worms are similar. Recently, molecular techniques have provided alternative approaches for the identification of ascarid species. A common feature of the life cycles of these generally monoxenous nematodes is the significant participation of small rodents. In case of Toxocara spp., the rodent plays the role of paratenic host but optional intermediate host for T. leonina. Several studies indicate co-occurence of both T. canis and T. leonina in domestic and wild canids as well as T. cati and T. leonina in felids. Although the infections of humans with T. canis and T. cati are common worldwide, larvae of T. leonina has the potential to cause human disease as emerging zoonosis.

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