scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS FOR CALCULATION OF EXPLOSION WAVE OVERPRESSURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Richard Jankura ◽  
Zuzana Zvaková ◽  
Martin Boroš
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Wave ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Tnt Equivalent ◽  
Explosion Overpressure ◽  
Primary And Secondary Effects ◽  
Virtual Modeling ◽  
Suitable Object ◽  
Mathematical Relations

The explosion of an explosive system causes primary and secondary effects on people and objects near its site. The most devastating is the pressure effect of the explosion, especially the overpressure. Individual parameters of pressure wave (overpressure size, duration impulse) can be determined by mathematical or virtual modeling or can also be measured under real conditions. The authors focused on the parameters of the positive phase of the shock wave propagating from the source of the explosion towards the object. The article covers the description and analysis of selected mathematical relations, which are used to determine the magnitude of the explosion overpressure. The results are based on selected formulas. The source of the explosion referred in the study is an explosive system containing a reference explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). TNT is a military explosive that is used as a reference explosive in technical standards dedicated to the certification of explosion-proof elements, and at the same time, a TNT equivalent is known to allow the mass of an explosive charge to be recalculated. The results obtained by mathematical modeling according to individual approaches have been compared and the possibilities of using computational models in the area of security management and education of security managers have been identified. The results of the study confirm that prediction of pressure wave parameters at different distances and weights can assist security managers in creating attack scenarios and designing a suitable object protection system.

Primary and Secondary Effects

2013 ◽  
pp. 34-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiana Kartsonaki ◽  
Michelle Jackson ◽  
David R. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Primary And Secondary Effects

Primary and secondary effects in cosmic-ray variations at solar proton events

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-327
Author(s):  
V. M. Dvornikov ◽  
M. V. Kravtsova ◽  
A. A. Lukovnikova ◽  
V. E. Sdobnov
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Solar Proton ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Primary And Secondary Effects ◽  
Solar Proton Events

Primary and secondary effects of processing instruction on Spanish clitic pronouns

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin White
Keyword(s):  
Adult Learners ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Processing Instruction ◽  
Secondary Target ◽  
Structured Input ◽  
Target Form ◽  
Secondary Form ◽  
Primary And Secondary Effects ◽  
Primary Form

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of token item frequency in Structured Input activities on both a primary target form (Spanish accusative clitics) and a secondary target form (Spanish dative clitics). Participants included 460 adult learners enrolled in a beginning-level Spanish language course and they were exposed to either 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, or 140 target form tokens. This study included a pretest, immediate posttest, and a delayed posttest measuring interpretation and production of both primary and secondary target forms. Findings reveal that primary form interpretation effects across all frequencies, however, production findings present themselves with the 60 and 80 token groups only. Secondary form interpretation findings reveal themselves across all frequency levels with the exception of the lowest frequency investigated (40 tokens) and secondary form production mirror those found in previous studies on the same forms. As such, we discuss the theoretical and methodological ramifications of these findings as well as directions for future research.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Most Destructive Earthquake Sequence in the Recent History of Greece: Environmental Effects Induced by the 9, 11 and 12 August 1953 Ionian Sea Earthquakes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8429
Author(s):  
Spyridon Mavroulis ◽  
Efthymis Lekkas
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Ionian Islands ◽  
Dust Clouds ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Response And Recovery ◽  
Primary And Secondary Effects ◽  
Of Greece

The August 1953 seismic sequence comprised the most destructive events in the recent history of Greece. The mainshock on 12 August, and its foreshocks on 9 and 11 August, devastated the southern Ionian Islands. The existing literature emphasized the destructive effects of the earthquakes on buildings, as well as to the emergency response and recovery actions. This resulted in a large gap in capturing the full picture of the earthquake’s environmental effects. The present study aims to fill this gap by reconstructing the most complete picture possible of the primary and secondary effects on the environment of the southern Ionian Islands by the August 1953 earthquakes. This reconstruction is based on all available sources, comprising not only the existing scientific literature, but especially sources that have not been considered to date, including newspapers of local and national circulation. In total, 120 cases of the earthquake’s environmental effects were identified, comprised of 33 cases of primary and 87 cases of secondary effects. In descending order of occurrence, slope failures, co-seismic uplift, hydrological anomalies, ground cracks, tsunami, liquefaction, dust clouds, hydrocarbon-related phenomena, jumping stones and vegetation effects were distributed mainly in Cephalonia Island and secondarily in the Ithaki and Zakythos Islands. The primary effects were mainly detected in eastern Cephalonia, which presented uplift of up to 70 cm, while the majority of the secondary effects were triggered in specific zones with characteristics that made them susceptible to the occurrence of earthquake-related hazards.

scholarly journals Entrenched Inequalities? Class, Gender and Ethnic Differences in Educational and Occupational Attainment in England

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaojun Li
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Ethnic Studies ◽  
Occupational Attainment ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Compulsory Schooling ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Primary And Secondary Effects ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Degree Level

Research in social stratification tends to focus on class differences in educational and occupational attainment, with particular attention to primary and secondary effects in the former, and class reproduction in the latter, domain. Research in ethnic studies tends to focus, however, on ethnic penalty or premium. Many studies have been conducted in each tradition on specific issues but little research is available that examines class, gender and ethnic effects simultaneously or in tandem with contextual effects, let alone on the whole trajectory from compulsory schooling, through further and higher education, to labor market position. Using data from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England, this paper shows pronounced class differences but remarkable gender progress in each of the educational domains. With regard to ethnicity, people from minority ethnic heritages had lower GCSE scores due to poorer family conditions but achieved higher transition rates to A-Level study, higher university enrollment and, for some groups, greater attendance at elite universities, resulting in an overall higher rate of degree-level attainment than did whites. One might expect members of ethnic minority backgrounds to fare equally well in their earlier careers in the labor market, but only to find them more vulnerable to unemployment, less likely to have earnings, and more disadvantaged in terms of disposable incomes.

scholarly journals History of the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale ESI-07

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonello Serva
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Intensity Scale ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Revision Process ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary And Secondary Effects ◽  
Seismic Intensity Scale

This brief note aims to describe the history, from its early original idea, of the new macroseismic scale: The Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale 2007 (ESI 2007). It can be used together with other existing scales or alone when needed for measuring the intensity of an earthquake on the basis of the primary and secondary effects of a seismic event on the natural environment. These effects could be the major sources of earthquake hazards, as recently proved. This note also aims to contribute to the understanding of processes that induced the researcher to develop an idea, to pursue it, and bring it to its end, first through the help of valuable Italian researchers and then through the constructive exchange of ideas with researchers of different cultural backgrounds operating almost everywhere in the world. This note is sponsored and approved by the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA), and the Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI-07) was published in 2007 after a revision process of about eight years.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document