Direct Measurement of Muscle-Work Output with Biopotentials

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 0500-0501
Author(s):  
Robert J. Kittredge and Norman Smith
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Work Output ◽  
Muscle Work

THE EFFECT OF CUTANEOUS STIMULATION ON TOTAL MUSCLE WORK OUTPUT

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
F. Q. Pecha ◽  
D. Q. Thomas ◽  
J. R. Storsved ◽  
S. T. McCaw
Keyword(s):  
Work Output ◽  
Cutaneous Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Work ◽  
Total Muscle

scholarly journals Direct measurement of conformational strain energy in protofilaments curling outward from disassembling microtubule tips

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W Driver ◽  
Elisabeth A Geyer ◽  
Megan E Bailey ◽  
Luke M Rice ◽  
Charles L Asbury
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Direct Approach ◽  
Work Output ◽  
Gtp Hydrolysis ◽  
Bending Strain ◽  
Motor Enzymes ◽  
Β Tubulin

Disassembling microtubules can generate movement independently of motor enzymes, especially at kinetochores where they drive chromosome motility. A popular explanation is the ‘conformational wave’ model, in which protofilaments pull on the kinetochore as they curl outward from a disassembling tip. But whether protofilaments can work efficiently via this spring-like mechanism has been unclear. By modifying a previous assay to use recombinant tubulin and feedback-controlled laser trapping, we directly demonstrate the spring-like elasticity of curling protofilaments. Measuring their mechanical work output suggests they carry ~25% of the energy of GTP hydrolysis as bending strain, enabling them to drive movement with efficiency similar to conventional motors. Surprisingly, a β-tubulin mutant that dramatically slows disassembly has no effect on work output, indicating an uncoupling of disassembly speed from protofilament strain. These results show the wave mechanism can make a major contribution to kinetochore motility and establish a direct approach for measuring tubulin mechano-chemistry.

Direct Measurement of the Listening of Hearing-Impaired Children

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Mira
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Reinforcement System ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Conjugate Reinforcement ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Hearing Impaired Children

Listening, a significant dimension of the behavior of hearing-impaired children, may be measured directly by recording childrens' responses to obtain audio narrations programmed via a conjugate reinforcement system. Twelve hearing-impaired, school-aged children responded in varying ways to the opportunity to listen. Direct and continuous measurement of listening has relevance for evaluation of remediation methods and for discovery of variables potentially related to listening.

DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF TILT ANGLE IN SMECTIC MESOPHASES BY NEUTRON DIFFRACTION

1976 ◽  
Vol 37 (C3) ◽  
pp. C3-127-C3-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. HERVET ◽  
S. LAGOMARSINO ◽  
F. RUSTICHELLI ◽  
F. VOLINO
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Tilt Angle
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