Effect of Nitrogen and Vitamins on the Decay Rate of Pine Sapwood Exposed above Ground

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-41
Author(s):  
Darrel D. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Decay Rate ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Bending Stiffness ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Method Of Evaluation

Abstract A need exists to develop improved test methods for evaluating potential wood preservatives in aboveground outdoor exposure. Our studies have shown that the three-component lap joint specified in AWPA Standard E27-15 represents an improved design for aboveground testing. One option for evaluating the extent of decay with this method relies on visual assessment. However, based on my observations in field tests, this assessment method does not provide an accurate measurement of the extent of wood biodeterioration in the early stages of decay. A second method of evaluation provided in this standard (in figure 4 of the standard) uses bending stiffness and dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE) as alternate methods for determining the extent of decay, and this option was chosen to follow the progress of biodeterioration in this study. It was found that both of these methods provided an accurate assessment of decay in the early stages of biodeterioration that was superior to visual assessment. In an attempt to accelerate the rate of wood decay, some of the test units were treated with nitrogen-rich casein, and this resulted in a greater than twofold increase in the decay rate compared with the untreated controls. Another group of samples were treated with thiamin, but this resulted in only a slight increase in decay rate, whereas a combined treatment with both casein and vitamins resulted in a further increase in the decay rate beyond that of casein treated samples. Based on the results from this study, it is concluded that pretreatment of wood samples with thiamin has the potential for accelerating wood decay in aboveground test samples. Furthermore, the use of bending stiffness and dynamic MOE to measure the extent of wood decay was found to be superior to mass loss. Additional studies are needed to determine whether this concept could be useful in accelerating development of new wood preservatives.

Evaluation of a visual assessment method for tree condition of eucalypt floodplain forests

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Souter ◽  
Shaun Cunningham ◽  
Stuart Little ◽  
Todd Wallace ◽  
Bernard McCarthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Floodplain Forests ◽  
Tree Condition

scholarly journals Evaluation of Methods to Detect Fruit Infected by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi in Mechanically Harvested Rabbiteye Blueberry

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 799-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Scherm ◽  
W. E. Copes
Keyword(s):  
Poor Performance ◽  
Symptom Assessment ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Visual Symptom ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Relative Errors

Blueberry fruit infected by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (causal agent of mummy berry disease) are unfit for processing because of the formation of hardened structures (pseudosclerotia) within them. In commercial packinghouses in Georgia, fruit loads exceeding the tolerance level for mummy berry are appraised at lower quality grades, resulting in severe economic penalties to producers. Two methods to detect and enumerate mummy berry in blueberry loads were evaluated in the laboratory using fruit samples with known numbers of infected fruit. The first method involved destructive processing of the samples in a blender. The resulting blueberry puree was passed through a series of screens and the number of pseudosclerotia of M. vaccinii-corymbosi retained on the screens assessed tactilely. The second method consisted of visual symptom assessment of intact fruit. Bias and coefficients of variation of the blender method in five experiments ranged from -63.0 to 152.4% and 6.9 to 44.1%, respectively, indicating that the method was inaccurate and imprecise. Several factors probably contributed to its poor performance, including the formation of multiple fragments from single pseudosclerotia during blending and subjectivity in the tactile assessment of pseudosclerotia. Bias and coefficients of variation of the visual assessment method in four experiments ranged from -3.41 to 1.97% and 1.16 to 5.17%, respectively. Thus, the visual method was considerably more accurate and more precise than the blender method. Visual assessment was further evaluated under commercial packinghouse conditions, with >70,000 fruit assessed individually for symptoms of mummy berry and other abnormalities. Bias ranged from -11.1 to 33.3%, indicating that visual assessment was less accurate under packinghouse conditions than under laboratory conditions. This was due to the low number of infected fruit encountered in most of the loads, which resulted in large relative errors if only a single fruit was misidentified. In a two-year packinghouse survey, a high incidence of partial infection, together with successional variations in discoloration of infected portions of the fruit as the harvest season progressed, resulted in a greater variation of mummy berry symptoms than previously described.

scholarly journals Time since death and decay rate constants of Norway spruce and European larch deadwood in subalpine forests determined using dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 14797-14832 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Petrillo ◽  
P. Cherubini ◽  
G. Fravolini ◽  
J. Ascher ◽  
M. Schärer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decay Rate ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Alpine Valley ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Negative Exponential

Abstract. Due to the large size and highly heterogeneous spatial distribution of deadwood, the time scales involved in the coarse woody debris (CWD) decay of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Larix decidua Mill. in Alpine forests have been poorly investigated and are largely unknown. We investigated the CWD decay dynamics in an Alpine valley in Italy using the five-decay class system commonly employed for forest surveys, based on a macromorphological and visual assessment. For the decay classes 1 to 3, most of the dendrochronological samples were cross-dated to assess the time that had elapsed since tree death, but for decay classes 4 and 5 (poorly preserved tree rings) and some others not having enough tree rings, radiocarbon dating was used. In addition, density, cellulose and lignin data were measured for the dated CWD. The decay rate constants for spruce and larch were estimated on the basis of the density loss using a single negative exponential model. In the decay classes 1 to 3, the ages of the CWD were similar varying between 1 and 54 years for spruce and 3 and 40 years for larch with no significant differences between the classes; classes 1–3 are therefore not indicative for deadwood age. We found, however, distinct tree species-specific differences in decay classes 4 and 5, with larch CWD reaching an average age of 210 years in class 5 and spruce only 77 years. The mean CWD rate constants were 0.012 to 0.018 yr−1 for spruce and 0.005 to 0.012 yr−1 for larch. Cellulose and lignin time trends half-lives (using a multiple-exponential model) could be derived on the basis of the ages of the CWD. The half-lives for cellulose were 21 yr for spruce and 50 yr for larch. The half-life of lignin is considerably higher and may be more than 100 years in larch CWD.

scholarly journals Inoculum volume effects on competitive outcome and wood decay rate of brown- and white-rot basidiomycetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 100938
Author(s):  
Yu Fukasawa ◽  
Emma C. Gilmartin ◽  
Melanie Savoury ◽  
Lynne Boddy
Keyword(s):  
Decay Rate ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Competitive Outcome ◽  
Inoculum Volume ◽  
Volume Effects

Resistance of bioincised wood treated with wood preservatives to blue-stain and wood-decay fungi

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schubert ◽  
T. Volkmer ◽  
C. Lehringer ◽  
F.W.M.R. Schwarze
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

SELECTION FOR IMPROVED SEEDLING VIGOR IN RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. BERDAHL ◽  
R. E. BARKER
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
Selection For

Seedling emergence of 30 open-pollinated progeny lines of Russian wild ryegrass (Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski. Syn: Elymus junceus Fisch.) ranging in seed weight from 2.1 to 4.5 mg/seed was evaluated in laboratory and greenhouse tests and compared to stand establishment capability in the field. Increases in emergence percentage and coleoptile length associated with increased seed weight diminished when seed weights of parents increased beyond 3.0 mg/seed. Emergence in two field environments was correlated with emergence from a 5-cm planting depth in the greenhouse (r = 0.70** and 0.71** for field tests 1 and 2, respectively) and with coleoptile length (r = 0.51** and 0.64**), but not with emergence under laboratory-induced drought stress of −1.1 MPa matric potential (r = −0.05 and 0.13). Experimental error was high for measurements of forage yields in the establishment year (CV = 38% and 36% for field tests 1 and 2, respectively), and resources required to obtain reliable yields would limit testing to a small number of entries. Preliminary screening of a Russian wild ryegrass population for improved seedling vigor could be accomplished by first eliminating plants with small seed size by visual assessment of seed samples. This could then be followed by selection for increased coleoptile length among progeny lines from those plants with medium or large seed.Key words: Russian wild ryegrass, seedling vigor, stand establishment, seed weight, coleoptile length

Quaternary Ammonium Arylspiroborate Esters as Organo-Soluble, Environmentally Benign Wood Protectants

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny M. Carr ◽  
Peter J. Duggan ◽  
David G. Humphrey ◽  
James A. Platts ◽  
Edward M. Tyndall
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
11B Nmr ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Anti Fungal

As part of a larger project aimed at the development of leach resistant boron-based wood preservatives, the anti-fungal and termiticidal activities, and the resistance to leaching from timber, of three related tetra-n-butylammonium spiroborates, tetra-n-butylammonium bis(ortho-hydroxymethylphenolato)borate 2, tetra-n-butylammonium bis[catecholato(2–)-O,O′]borate 3, and tetra-n-butylammonium bis[salicylato(2−)-O,O']borate 4, have been examined. All three borates are found to be active against test organisms, with the following orders of activity being observed: 2 > 3 > 4 > boric acid against wood decay fungi, and 2 > 3 ≈ 4 > boric acid against termites. The most active compound in both assays 2 also has the highest calculated lipophilicity. In a test for permanence in wood, the following order of leach resistance is observed: 4 >> 3 ≈ 2 > boric acid. This order appears to correlate more closely with the stability constants of the borate esters, as determined using 11B NMR spectroscopy, rather than calculated lipophilicities.

Comparative Morphology of Early Stages of Brown-Rot Wood Decay

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Wayne Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Poria Placenta ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Early Progression

Early stages of decay by two brown-rot fungi in two woods were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The earliest diagnostic feature to appear was hyphae in the earlywood lumina. The earliest effect on cell walls was the loss of birefringence in the earlywood; Poria placenta (syn. Postia placenta) caused this loss at the earliest stage of decay observed, in both Douglas-fir and white fir, while Gloeophyllum trabeum caused significant weight loss before loss of birefringence was visible. Attack on the latewood progressed from the earlywood, and was different in pattern among the wood/fungus combinations. Hyphal and bore hole diameter increased throughout the early progression of decay and would be useful in evaluating the stage of decay, if the starting diameter of hyphae could be determined. Separation between cells was not observed until moderate stages of decay and, therefore, was not useful in diagnosing early stages of decay.

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