scholarly journals Occurrence of Hymenoptera on pig carcasses in a tropical rainforest in Central Amazonia, Brazil

Sociobiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Alexandre Somavilla ◽  
Jorge Luiz de Pereira Souza ◽  
Aldenira Oliveira Da Silva ◽  
Ruth Leila Ferreira Keppler

Hymenotpera species may act as necrophagous, consuming decomposing tissues, as predators, when they feed on other immature and adult insects, and parasites of larvae and pupae of dipterans and coleopterans that colonize the carcasses. In this way, the fauna of four Hymenoptera families (Vespidae, Apidae, Icheneumonidae and Formicidae) associated to different decomposition stages of Sus scrofa carcass partially submerged in igarapé of the “terra-firme” Amazonian forest are presented. Formicidae were the most abundant insects with 957 individuals collected all directly in the carcass, followed by Vespidae (143), Apidae (88) and Ichneumonidae with nine individuals collected in the suspended trap. Due to the aspect of the injuries caused by some Hymenoptera to the carcass, they may be mistaken as skin ulcers, burns or abrasions, which may mislead a forensic investigation.

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (35) ◽  
pp. 561-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Ekanem ◽  
Mike C. Dike

The domestic pig (Sus scrofa) was used as a model to study arthropod succession on carcasses under tree shade and out of shade in southern Nigeria. Carcass decomposition took longer periods under tree shade than in exposed sites, at 24.5 and 16.5 days, respectively. Four decomposition stages - fresh, bloated, decay, and dry - were observed. No significant variabilities were recorded in the types and patterns of infestation of the carcasses by arthropods in both locations. Four classes of arthropods - Insecta, Arachnida, Diplopoda and Crustacea - were recorded. The class Insecta dominated the total arthropods collected with 24 families, and formed 94% of the catches. The other three classes each had one family represented, and contributed only 2% of the total catches. The calliphorids, a phorid, and sarcophagids arrived and bred on the carcasses only a few hours after death of the pigs. Families of coleopterans came during the bloated stage, and fed on the immature dipterous maggots and carrion materials. The ants (Hymenoptera) came in large numbers to eat the carcasses, and also preyed on all other fauna of the food resource. A muscid and a stratiomyiid, bred on the carcass as to the decay stage. Other insects and arthropods arrived mostly during the decay stage to feed on the carcasses. Species richness on the carcasses peaked during the decay stage.


2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Ururahy-Rodrigues ◽  
José Albertino Rafael ◽  
José Roberto Pujol-Luz ◽  
Augusto Loureiro Henriques ◽  
Margareth Maria de Carvalho Queiroz ◽  
...  

Colonization aspects of the carrion beetle Oxelytrum cayennense (Sturm) in man-size pig carcasses (~60 kg) are presented at Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve, Manaus, Brazil. This species colonized pig carcasses from bloated to skeletonized stages. Adults were eventually observed preying on fly larvae from the second day postmortem and their larvae were observed from the fifth day postmortem feeding on skeletonized areas, probably cleaning the bones of the remaining soft tissues. Adult beetles with predatory behavior on the oldest Diptera larvae can impact their populations and thereby complicate the estimation of the time of death as these larvae are frequently used as a postmortem indicator. In addition, both larvae and adult developmental stages have potential use as a postmortem interval (PMI) indicator because the adult can colonizes carcasses from the second postmortem day onward and the larvae from the fifth day onward. Associação de Oxelytrum cayennense, (Silphidae, Coleoptera) com Carcaças de Porcos (Sus scrofa, Suidae) em Áreas de Terra Firme em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil Resumo. Aspectos da colonização do silfídeo Oxelytrum cayennense (Sturm) em carcaças de porcos do tamanho de um homem adulto na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke são apresentados. Esta espécie colonizou as carcaças de porcos do estágio enfisematoso à esqueletização. Adultos foram observados eventualmente predando larvas de moscas a partir do segundo dia de intervalo pós-morte e suas larvas foram observadas a partir do quinto dia se alimentando em áreas esqueletizadas, provavelmente limpando os ossos dos tecidos moles remanescentes. O comportamento predatório dos adultos nas larvas de dípteros mais velhas podem impactar suas populações e complicar estimativas de intervalo pós-morte, uma vez que estas são freqüentemente usadas para esta estimativa. Além disso, adultos e larvas têm potencial uso como indicadores de intervalo pós-morte (IPM) porque o adulto pode colonizar carcaças do segundo dia em diante e as larvas do quinto dia em diante.


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 942
Author(s):  
Isabela Freitas Oliveira ◽  
Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro ◽  
Fernanda P. Werneck ◽  
Thamara Zacca ◽  
Torbjørn Haugaasen

Amazonia comprises a mosaic of contrasting habitats, with wide environmental heterogeneity at local and regional scales. In central Amazonia, upland forest (terra firme) is the predominant forest type and seasonally flooded forests inundated by white- and black-water rivers (várzea and igapó, respectively) represent around 20% of the forested areas. In this work, we took advantage of a natural spatial arrangement of the main vegetation types in central Amazonia to investigate butterfly assemblage structure in terra firme, várzea and igapó forests at the local scale. We sampled in the low- and high-water seasons, combining active and passive sampling with traps placed in both the understory and canopy. Terra firme supported the highest number of butterfly species, whereas várzea forest provided the highest number of butterfly captures. The high species richness in terra firme may reflect that this forest type is floristically richer than várzea and igapó. Várzea is a very productive environment and may thus support a higher number of butterfly individuals than terra firme and igapó. Most butterfly species (80.2%) were unique to a single forest type and 17 can be considered forest type indicator species in this landscape. Floodplain forest environments are therefore an important complement to terra firme in terms of butterfly species richness and conservation in Amazonia.


2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTOR F. V. PAZIN ◽  
WILLIAM E. MAGNUSSON ◽  
JANSEN ZUANON ◽  
FERNANDO P. MENDONCA

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 447 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-275
Author(s):  
CAROLINE C. VASCONCELOS ◽  
MARISABEL U. ADRIANZÉN ◽  
JOSÉ LUÍS C. CAMARGO ◽  
MÁRIO H. TERRA-ARAUJO

Pouteria kossmanniae (Sapotaceae, Chrysophylloideae), a new species from Central Amazonia, is here described. It is known from the Manaus region, Amazonas, Brazil, and is found in non-flooded upland forests, known as terra firme. Illustrations are provided in addition to geographic distribution, with a comparison of the morphological and spectral (near-infrared) differences between P. kossmanniae and its very similar species Pouteria macrophylla, Pouteria manaosensis, and Pouteria rodriguesiana. The species is naturally common in some urban forest fragments, but since only a low number of subpopulations is known, we assign P. kossmanniae the preliminary conservation status of “Endangered”.


2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Valencia ◽  
Richard Condit ◽  
Helene C. Muller-Landau ◽  
Consuelo Hernandez ◽  
Hugo Navarrete

Abstract:Above-ground biomass (AGB) is increasing in most of the Amazon forests. One hypothesis is that forests are responding to widespread and intense human intervention prior to the European conquest (>500 y ago). In this study we confront this hypothesis with changes in AGB over 6.3 y in a large western Amazonian forest plot (>150 000 shrubs and trees and 1100 species with dbh ≥ 10 mm in 25 ha). We examined AGB flux in different habitats and across diameter classes. The forest lost small stems (4.6%), gained large trees (2.6%), and gained biomass (0.7%). The change in AGB stock was due entirely to this upward shift in size leading to more canopy trees and fewer saplings after just 6 y. Across habitats, the biggest increment in biomass was in the secondary-forest patch (3.4% y−1) which we know was cleared about 27 y ago, whereas mature forest on ridges and valleys had small increases (0.10% and 0.09% y−1, respectively). In both censuses, AGB stocks were >50% higher on the ridge than in the valley while relative growth and mortality were higher in the valley. Mean wood specific gravity (WSG) decreased with increasing diameter class; WSG did not change much between censuses in mature forests and did not contribute to the change in AGB stocks. Our forest increased its standing biomass, but far less than the average reported for other Amazonian forests (i.e. 0.30 vs. 0.98 Mg ha−1 y−1). We find no evidence to support the notion that this forest is recovering from long-past human intervention. Instead of a long-term recovery, we believe the forest changed in response to natural fluctuations of the environment (e.g. changes in precipitation, higher CO2), windstorms or other more recent events. The significant differences in AGB stocks between valley and ridge suggest that the terra firme forests are a mosaic of natural habitats, and that this mosaic is in part responsible for the variation in biomass stocks detected in Amazonian terra firme forests.Resumen: La biomasa aérea de la mayoría de los bosques amazónicos está incrementando. Una hipótesis es que los bosques están respondiendo a un disturbio humano intenso y ampliamente distribuido, anterior a la llegada de los conquistadores europeos (>500 años atrás). En este estudio se confronta esta hipótesis con los cambios en biomasa encontrados en 6.3 años en una parcela de gran escala de la Amazonia occidental (>150.000 arbustos y árboles con diámetro a la altura del pecho ≥10 mm y 1100 especies en 25 ha). Los resultados se examinan por categorías de diámetro y hábitat. En este período el bosque perdió tallos pequeños (4.6%), ganó árboles grandes (2.6%) y ganó biomasa (0.7%). La ganancia en biomasa fue debida enteramente al incremento de árboles de gran tamaño que significó más árboles de dosel y menos juveniles en apenas 6 años. Entre los hábitats, el mayor incremento en biomasa se encontró en un parche de bosque secundario de colina (3.4%/año), cuya edad es de 27 años, mientras el bosque maduro de las colinas y los valles incrementó escasamente (0.10% y 0.09%/año, respectivamente). Tanto al inicio como al final del estudio, el stock de biomasa fue >50% más grande en la colina que en el valle mientras que el crecimiento y la mortalidad relativa fueron mayores en el valle. La media de la gravedad específica de la madera (GEM) fue menor a mayor clase diamétrica; en el bosque maduro, el cambio en la GEM fue insignificante y no contribuyó al aumento en stocks de biomasa. El bosque incrementó la biomasa aérea pero mucho menos que el promedio reportado para otros bosques amazónicos (i.e. 0.30 vs. 0.98 Mg ha−1/año). No se encontró evidencia que apoye la noción de que el bosque se está recuperando de un disturbio de gran escala ocurrido en el pasado. En su lugar, se cree que el bosque cambió en respuesta a fluctuaciones naturales del ambiente (e.g. cambios en precipitación, mayor concentración de CO2), vendavales u otro tipo de eventos más recientes. La diferencia significativa en los stocks de biomasa encontrada entre el valle y la colina sugiere que la tierra firme es un mosaico de hábitats naturales y que este mosaico podría explicar en parte la variación encontrada en los stocks de biomasa de bosques amazónicos de tierra firme.


2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-323
Author(s):  
Layon Oreste DEMARCHI ◽  
Veridiana Vizoni SCUDELLER ◽  
Livia Carvalho MOURA ◽  
Aline LOPES ◽  
Maria Teresa Fernandez PIEDADE

ABSTRACT Overexploitation is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss and local extinction. In the Brazilian Amazon, the intensive use of high-value timber species is leading to a decline in their populations. When in decline, these species can be replaced by less valuable and more common ones that are more feasible to exploit. We conducted interviews with residents of two communities in a sustainable development reserve in central Amazonia, and used free lists and the cognitive salience index (S) to assess the perceptions of residents regarding the occurrence and purpose of timber exploitation, and to identify possible endangered species in white-sand and terra-firme forests. In addition, to infer possible consequences of logging, we assessed the current population status of timber species cited by residents in forest-plot inventories carried out within the reserve. S-index values and interviewee reports suggested an intensive use of terra-firme timber species and an apparently recent increase in the exploitation of white-sand species, which did not use to be exploited because of their relatively low commercial value. The inventories showed that the white-sand timber species have high relative densities and low S values in contrast to the terra-firme species, which mostly have low relative densities and high S values. Our results highlight the need to identify and monitor relevant timber species in both terra-firme and white-sand forests, and to increase the involvement of the local community in the development of logging management practices.


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