scholarly journals Experimental Lagos bat virus infection in straw-colored fruit bats: A suitable model for bat rabies in a natural reservoir species

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. e0008898
Author(s):  
Lineke Begeman ◽  
Richard Suu-Ire ◽  
Ashley C. Banyard ◽  
Christian Drosten ◽  
Elisa Eggerbauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Viral Excretion ◽  
Bat Virus ◽  
Bat Rabies

Rabies is a fatal neurologic disease caused by lyssavirus infection. Bats are important natural reservoir hosts of various lyssaviruses that can be transmitted to people. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of rabies in bats are poorly understood, making it difficult to prevent zoonotic transmission. To further our understanding of lyssavirus pathogenesis in a natural bat host, an experimental model using straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) and Lagos bat virus, an endemic lyssavirus in this species, was developed. To determine the lowest viral dose resulting in 100% productive infection, bats in five groups (four bats per group) were inoculated intramuscularly with one of five doses, ranging from 100.1 to 104.1 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50). More bats died due to the development of rabies after the middle dose (102.1 TCID50, 4/4 bats) than after lower (101.1, 2/4; 101.1, 2/4) or higher (103.1, 2/4; 104.1, 2/4) doses of virus. In the two highest dose groups, 4/8 bats developed rabies. Of those bats that remained healthy 3/4 bats seroconverted, suggesting that high antigen loads can trigger a strong immune response that abrogates a productive infection. In contrast, in the two lowest dose groups, 3/8 bats developed rabies, 1/8 remained healthy and seroconverted and 4/8 bats remained healthy and did not seroconvert, suggesting these doses are too low to reliably induce infection. The main lesion in all clinically affected bats was meningoencephalitis associated with lyssavirus-positive neurons. Lyssavirus antigen was detected in tongue epithelium (5/11 infected bats) rather than in salivary gland epithelium (0/11), suggesting viral excretion via the tongue. Thus, intramuscular inoculation of 102.1 TCID50 of Lagos bat virus into straw-colored fruit bats is a suitable model for lyssavirus associated bat rabies in a natural reservoir host, and can help with the investigation of lyssavirus infection dynamics in bats.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of bat rabies in a natural reservoir: Comparative susceptibility of the straw-colored fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) to three strains of Lagos bat virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. e0006311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Suu-Ire ◽  
Lineke Begeman ◽  
Ashley C. Banyard ◽  
Andrew C. Breed ◽  
Christian Drosten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Bat Virus ◽  
Comparative Susceptibility ◽  
Bat Rabies ◽  
Eidolon Helvum

scholarly journals The hamster as a secondary reservoir host of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

1976 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Skinner ◽  
E. H. Knight ◽  
L. S. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Virus Source ◽  
Simulated Field

SUMMARYExposure of weaned hamsters to an environment contaminated with LCM virus shed by tolerantly infected mice led to short subclinical infections. If infection occurred in early pregnancy, the young appeared normal at birth but their tissues were highly infective. For two to three months their bites and urine were also highly infective. A viraemia did not persist long enough for successive vertical transmissions of the infection to be likely. However, the viruria persisted in most prenatally infected hamsters for at least eight months and under simulated field conditions was a potent virus source for contact infections, leading to further generations of prenatally infected young. In the absence of the natural reservoir host, such long-term carriers could have been a major factor in causing the build-up of infection in colonies of hamsters which, when purchased as household pets, led to a recent spate of human clinical infections in Germany and the U.S.A.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 infection of calves: infectious dose and direct contact transmission

2001 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. BESSER ◽  
B. L. RICHARDS ◽  
D. H. RICE ◽  
D. D. HANCOCK
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Contact Transmission

Cattle are considered to be a reservoir host of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 and contaminated foods of bovine origin are important vehicles of human infection. In this study, the susceptibility of calves to experimental E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 infection following low oral exposures was determined. Two of 17 calves exposed to very low (<300 c.f.u.) doses, and 3 of 4 calves exposed to low (<10000 c.f.u.) doses, subsequently excreted the challenge strains in their faeces. All calves (n = 12) sharing isolation rooms with calves that excreted the challenge strain in their faeces similarly began faecal excretion of the same strains within 21 days or less. The identity between the challenge strains and the strains excreted in calf faeces was confirmed by restriction digestion electrophoretic patterns using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Calves shed E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 in their faeces after very low dose exposures at concentrations ranging from <30 to >107 c.f.u./g, and for durations similar to the values previously reported for calves challenged by larger doses. The susceptibility of calves to infection following very low exposures or direct contact with infected calves has important implications for programmes for pre-harvest control of this agent.

scholarly journals Evidence of Lagos Bat Virus Circulation among Nigerian Fruit Bats

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asabe A. Dzikwi ◽  
Ivan I. Kuzmin ◽  
Jarlath U. Umoh ◽  
Jacob K. P. Kwaga ◽  
Aliyu A. Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Bat Virus

scholarly journals Evolution of Nipah Virus Infection: Past, Present, and Future Considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Naomi Hauser ◽  
Alexis C. Gushiken ◽  
Shivakumar Narayanan ◽  
Shyam Kottilil ◽  
Joel V. Chua
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus of the Henipavirus genus first identified in Malaysia in 1998. Henipaviruses have bat reservoir hosts and have been isolated from fruit bats found across Oceania, Asia, and Africa. Bat-to-human transmission is thought to be the primary mode of human NiV infection, although multiple intermediate hosts are described. Human infections with NiV were originally described as a syndrome of fever and rapid neurological decline following contact with swine. More recent outbreaks describe a syndrome with prominent respiratory symptoms and human-to-human transmission. Nearly annual outbreaks have been described since 1998 with case fatality rates reaching greater than 90%. The ubiquitous nature of the reservoir host, increasing deforestation, multiple mode of transmission, high case fatality rate, and lack of effective therapy or vaccines make NiV’s pandemic potential increasingly significant. Here we review the epidemiology and microbiology of NiV as well as the therapeutic agents and vaccines in development.

scholarly journals Lagos Bat Virus Infection Dynamics in Free-Ranging Straw-Colored Fruit Bats (Eidolon helvum)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Suu-Ire ◽  
Anthony Fooks ◽  
Ashley Banyard ◽  
David Selden ◽  
Kofi Amponsah-Mensah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Bat Virus ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Eidolon Helvum

scholarly journals Antigenic characterisation of lyssaviruses in South Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Ngoepe ◽  
Christine Fehlner-Gardiner ◽  
Alex Wandeler ◽  
Claude Sabeta
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Bat Virus ◽  
Antigenic Reactivity ◽  
Mokola Virus

There are at least six Lyssavirus species that have been isolated in Africa, which include classical rabies virus, Lagos bat virus, Mokola virus, Duvenhage virus, Shimoni bat virus and Ikoma lyssavirus. In this retrospective study, an analysis of the antigenic reactivity patterns of lyssaviruses in South Africa against a panel of 15 anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies was undertaken. A total of 624 brain specimens, collected between 2005 and 2009, confirmed as containing lyssavirus antigen by direct fluorescent antibody test, were subjected to antigenic differentiation. The lyssaviruses were differentiated into two species, namely rabies virus (99.5%) and Mokola virus (0.5%). Furthermore, rabies virus was further delineated into two common rabies biotypes in South Africa: canid and mongoose. Initially, it was found that the canid rabies biotype had two reactivity patterns; differential staining was observed with just one monoclonal antibody. This difference was likely to have been an artefact related to sample quality, as passage in cell culture restored staining. Mongoose rabies viruses were more heterogeneous, with seven antigenic reactivity patterns detected. Although Mokola viruses were identified in this study, prevalence and reservoir host species are yet to be established. These data demonstrate the usefulness of monoclonal antibody typing panels in lyssavirus surveillance with reference to emergence of new species or spread of rabies biotypes to new geographic zones.

scholarly journals Vertical Transmission: A Vector-Independent Transmission Pathway of Babesia microti in the Natural Reservoir Host Peromyscus leucopus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M Tufts ◽  
Maria A Diuk-Wasser
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Peromyscus Leucopus ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Babesia Microti ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Generation Offspring

Abstract Background Babesia microti, a malaria-like pathogen, is increasing in mammal and human populations in endemic areas and is unlikely to be the sole result of horizontal pathogen transmission. Methods Peromyscus leucopus mice, natural reservoir hosts, were infected via Ixodes scapularis nymphs. Infected parental females (n = 6) produced F1 offspring (n = 36) that were screened for B. microti using quantitative PCR. Xenodiagnostic larvae were fed on infected offspring to determine horizontal transmission and pathogen viability. Fifty engorged larvae were screened; the rest were allowed to molt and then screened to determine transstadial transmission. Infected F1 generation offspring were placed in breeding groups, producing 34 F2 offspring and screened for B. microti infection. Chronic infection was monitored in parental females since time of initial vector infection. Results Vertical transmission of B. microti was 74% efficient in offspring born in the first 6 months. Horizontal transmission occurred in larvae (61% prevalence) and molted nymphs (58% prevalence); these nymphs were able to infect susceptible hosts. F2 generation offspring infection prevalence was 38%. Chronic infection persisted for 1 year in some adults. Conclusions These results demonstrate that vertical transmission is an important nonvector-mediated pathway of B. microti transmission in the natural reservoir host.

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