scholarly journals Spatial distribution of Culex mosquito abundance and associated risk factors in Hanoi, Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. e0009497
Author(s):  
Tuyen V. Ha ◽  
Wonkook Kim ◽  
Thang Nguyen-Tien ◽  
Johanna Lindahl ◽  
Hung Nguyen-Viet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Quadratic Term ◽  
Human Population Density ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Cover Ratio

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the major cause of viral encephalitis (VE) in most Asian-Pacific countries. In Vietnam, there is no nationwide surveillance system for JE due to lack of medical facilities and diagnoses. Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex vishnui, and Culex quinquefasciatus have been identified as the major JE vectors in Vietnam. The main objective of this study was to forecast a risk map of Culex mosquitoes in Hanoi, which is one of the most densely populated cities in Vietnam. A total of 10,775 female adult Culex mosquitoes were collected from 513 trapping locations. We collected temperature and precipitation information during the study period and its preceding month. In addition, the other predictor variables (e.g., normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], land use/land cover and human population density), were collected for our analysis. The final model selected for estimating the Culex mosquito abundance included centered rainfall, quadratic term rainfall, rice cover ratio, forest cover ratio, and human population density variables. The estimated spatial distribution of Culex mosquito abundance ranged from 0 to more than 200 mosquitoes per 900m2. Our model estimated that 87% of the Hanoi area had an abundance of mosquitoes from 0 to 50, whereas approximately 1.2% of the area showed more than 150 mosquitoes, which was mostly in the rural/peri-urban districts. Our findings provide better insight into understanding the spatial distribution of Culex mosquitoes and its associated environmental risk factors. Such information can assist local clinicians and public health policymakers to identify potential areas of risk for JE virus. Risk maps can be an efficient way of raising public awareness about the virus and further preventive measures need to be considered in order to prevent outbreaks and onwards transmission of JE virus.

scholarly journals Geospatial distribution and risk factors for bovine cysticercosis in the state of Rondônia, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 931-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wellington C. Alves ◽  
Gabriel A.M. Rossi ◽  
Welber D.Z. Lopes ◽  
Henrique M.S. Almeida ◽  
Luis A. Mathias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
Human Population Density ◽  
Sewage System ◽  
Bovine Cysticercosis ◽  
Porto Velho

ABSTRACT: This study focused on assessing the prevalence, geospatial distribution and risk factors for bovine cysticercosis in cattle from the state of Rondônia, Brazil, through the years 2012 to 2015. The prevalence established was 0.014% (95% C.I. 0.013-0.014), with a higher detection of unviable cysticerci (84.80%). The municipalities of Itapuã do Oeste, Candeias do Jamari, Nova Brasilândia D’Oeste, Pimenteiras do Oeste, Porto Velho, Nova Mamoré, Urupá and Guajará-Mirim had higher risk (OR>1; p<0.05) for cysticercosis occurrence compared with the municipality of Castanheiras (OR=1). The Administrative Regions of Porto Velho, Guajará-Mirim, Colorado D’Oeste, Cacoal, Ji-Paraná had higher risk (OR>1; p<0.05) for cysticercosis occurrence in the slaughtered animals than those reared in Ariquemes Administrative Region (OR=1). Some variables such as human population density (OR=2.15; 2.15-2.16), percentage of urban houses with inappropriate sewage system (OR=1.91, 1.91-.1.92) and percentage of inappropriate rural sewage system (OR=1.14, 1.14-1.14) were significantly associated (p<0.05) with the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis. In conclusion, the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in the state of Rondônia was 0.014% (95% C.I. 0.013-0.014) and higher-risk areas were identified, providing useful information to Official Sanitary Inspection System in order to improve cysticercosis detection. Also, human population density and the lack of appropriate sewage system in urban and rural areas are closely related to bovine cysticercosis occurrence in this state.

scholarly journals Mountain definitions and their consequences

Alpine Botany ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Körner ◽  
Davnah Urbach ◽  
Jens Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Mountainous Terrain ◽  
Human Population Density

AbstractMountains are rugged structures in the landscape that are difficult to delineate. Given that they host an overproportional fraction of biodiversity of high ecological and conservational value, conventions on what is mountainous and what not are in need. This short communication aims at explaining the differences among various popular mountain definitions. Defining mountainous terrain is key for global assessments of plant species richness in mountains and their likely responses to climatic change, as well as for assessing the human population density in and around mountainous terrain.

scholarly journals Human population density correlates with phylogenetic diversity and plant vulnerability in southern Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Maurin ◽  
T.J. Davies ◽  
K. Yessoufou ◽  
B.H. Daru ◽  
B.S. Bezeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Human Population Density

scholarly journals Reptile diversity of Sinos River Basin

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Fernanda Moser ◽  
Fernanda Rodrigues de Avila ◽  
Roberto Baptista de Oliveira ◽  
Juliano Morales de Oliveira ◽  
Márcio Borges-Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
Human Population Density ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Scientific Collections

Abstract This work aimed to catalog the species of reptiles of the Sinos River Basin based on records from scientific collections and data collected in the field. We recorded 65 species, including 46 snakes, nine lizards, five turtles, four amphisbaenians and one caiman. Snakes composed most of the recorded specimens (91.3%), and the three most representative are venomous and of medical importance. The most urban region of the basin (Lowland) has the highest number of records. This fact may be a reflection of the high human population density in this region, which would have favored the encounter of specimens and their sending to scientific collections and research centers. It is worth highlighting that most species with few specimens in the collections are also rarely observed in the wild, such as Clelia hussani and Urostrophus vautieri. This observation makes it feasible that these populations are small or that they are declining.

scholarly journals Changes in Human Population Density and Protected Areas in Terrestrial Global Biodiversity Hotspots, 1995–2015

Land ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Cunningham ◽  
Karen Beazley
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Area Coverage ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspots ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Human Population Density ◽  
Global Average ◽  
Global Biodiversity

Biodiversity hotspots are rich in endemic species and threatened by anthropogenic influences and, thus, considered priorities for conservation. In this study, conservation achievements in 36 global biodiversity hotspots (25 identified in 1988, 10 added in 2011, and one in 2016) were evaluated in relation to changes in human population density and protected area coverage between 1995 and 2015. Population densities were compared against 1995 global averages, and percentages of protected area coverage were compared against area-based targets outlined in Aichi target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (17% by 2020) and calls for half Earth (50%). The two factors (average population density and percent protected area coverage) for each hotspot were then plotted to evaluate relative levels of threat to biodiversity conservation. Average population densities in biodiversity hotspots increased by 36% over the 20-year period, and were double the global average. The protected area target of 17% is achieved in 19 of the 36 hotspots; the 17 hotspots where this target has not been met are economically disadvantaged areas as defined by Gross Domestic Product. In 2015, there are seven fewer hotspots (22 in 1995; 15 in 2015) in the highest threat category (i.e., population density exceeding global average, and protected area coverage less than 17%). In the lowest threat category (i.e., population density below the global average, and a protected area coverage of 17% or more), there are two additional hotspots in 2015 as compared to 1995, attributable to gains in protected area. Only two hotspots achieve a target of 50% protection. Although conservation progress has been made in most global biodiversity hotspots, additional efforts are needed to slow and/or reduce population density and achieve protected area targets. Such conservation efforts are likely to require more coordinated and collaborative initiatives, attention to biodiversity objectives beyond protected areas, and support from the global community.

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