scholarly journals Longer and Less Overlapping Food Webs in Anthropogenically Disturbed Marine Ecosystems: Confirmations from the Past

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e103132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Saporiti ◽  
Stuart Bearhop ◽  
Laura Silva ◽  
Damián G. Vales ◽  
Lisette Zenteno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
The Past

Food webs and simple graphics.

2021 ◽  
pp. 326-331
Author(s):  
Donald L. J. Quicke ◽  
Buntika A. Butcher ◽  
Rachel A. Kruft Welton
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Logical Thinking ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
The Past ◽  
Programming Skill

Abstract Food webs are fundamental in much of ecology and there has been a steady increase in studying their structure and properties over the past 50 years, nowadays often utilizing molecular methods too. First, this chapter will create code to draw a food web, then it will introduce the package cheddar. The reason for learning how to produce your own is not just to improve programming skill and logical thinking, it also means you are in a position to customize your diagrams in ways that perhaps are not available in pre-written packages. A parasitoid foodweb example is given. In this example from Thailand, 22 braconid parasitoid wasps, representing a total of 9 species were associated with 22 lepidopteran hosts representing a total of 11 species using DNA barcoding.

scholarly journals Incorporation of an invasive plant into a native insect herbivore food web

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menno Schilthuizen ◽  
Lúcia P Santos Pimenta ◽  
Youri Lammers ◽  
Peter J Steenbergen ◽  
Marco Flohil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
Herbivore Community

The integration of invasive species into native food webs represent multifarious dynamics of ecological and evolutionary processes. We document incorporation of Prunus serotina (black cherry) into native insect food webs. We find that P. serotina harbours a herbivore community less dense but more diverse than its native relative, P. padus (bird cherry), with similar proportions of specialists and generalists. While herbivory on P. padus remained stable over the past century, that on P. serotina gradually doubled. We show that P. serotina may have evolved changes in investment in cyanogenic glycosides compared with its native range. In the leaf beetle Gonioctena quinquepunctata, recently shifted from native Sorbus aucuparia to P. serotina, we find divergent host preferences on Sorbus- versus Prunus-derived populations, and weak host-specific differentiation among 380 individuals genotyped for 119 SNP loci. We conclude that evolutionary processes may generate a specialized herbivore community on an invasive plant, allowing prognoses of reduced invasiveness over time. On the basis of the results presented here, we would like to caution that manual control might have the adverse effect of a slowing down of processes of adaptation, and a delay in the decline of the invasive character of P. serotina.

scholarly journals Incorporation of an invasive plant into a native insect herbivore food web

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menno Schilthuizen ◽  
Lúcia P Santos Pimenta ◽  
Youri Lammers ◽  
Peter J Steenbergen ◽  
Marco Flohil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
Herbivore Community

The integration of invasive species into native food webs represent multifarious dynamics of ecological and evolutionary processes. We document incorporation of Prunus serotina (black cherry) into native insect food webs. We find that P. serotina harbours a herbivore community less dense but more diverse than its native relative, P. padus (bird cherry), with similar proportions of specialists and generalists. While herbivory on P. padus remained stable over the past century, that on P. serotina gradually doubled. We show that P. serotina may have evolved changes in investment in cyanogenic glycosides compared with its native range. In the leaf beetle Gonioctena quinquepunctata, recently shifted from native Sorbus aucuparia to P. serotina, we find divergent host preferences on Sorbus- versus Prunus-derived populations, and weak host-specific differentiation among 380 individuals genotyped for 119 SNP loci. We conclude that evolutionary processes may generate a specialized herbivore community on an invasive plant, allowing prognoses of reduced invasiveness over time. On the basis of the results presented here, we would like to caution that manual control might have the adverse effect of a slowing down of processes of adaptation, and a delay in the decline of the invasive character of P. serotina.

scholarly journals The ghost of the past anthropogenic impact: Reef-decapods as bioindicators of threatened marine ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 108465
Author(s):  
Bruno Welter Giraldes ◽  
Petrônio Alves Coelho ◽  
Petrônio Alves Coelho Filho ◽  
Thais P. Macedo ◽  
Andrea Santarosa Freire
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
The Past

Predation on pelagic coelenterates: a review

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Needler Arai
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
High Water ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Wide Range

Coelenterates (cnidaria and ctenophores) are well recognized as predators in food webs of marine ecosystems but are less often considered as prey. This is partly because they are digested very rapidly. In studies based on predator stomach contents the measured masses of different prey organisms are rarely scaled by their relative rates of digestion. Predators that are frozen and thawed, or for which whole stomachs are placed in preservatives, may have already lost much of their coelenterate content when they are examined. There is also a tendency to assume that gelatinous organisms, with their high water and salt content relative to organic content, are poor food. However, given the high rates of digestion (and presumably of assimilation) coelenterates may provide sources of energy comparable to better recognized prey such as arthropods. It is already becoming well documented that a number of cnidaria and ctenophores as well as fish utilize gelatinous organisms as prey. Data is accumulating more slowly on predation by a wide range of other carnivores such as molluscs, arthropods, reptiles and birds.

scholarly journals Ecological roles of the parasitic phytomyxids (plasmodiophorids) in marine ecosystems - a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid Neuhauser ◽  
Martin Kirchmair ◽  
Frank H. Gleason
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Microbial Food Webs ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Ecological Roles ◽  
Marine Viruses

Phytomyxea (plasmodiophorids) is an enigmatic group of obligate biotrophic parasites. Most of the known 41 species are associated with terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. However, the potential of phytomyxean species to influence marine ecosystems either directly by causing diseases of their hosts or indirectly as vectors of viruses is enormous, although still unexplored. In all, 20% of the currently described phytomyxean species are parasites of some of the key primary producers in the ocean, such as seagrasses, brown algae and diatoms; however, information on their distribution, abundance and biodiversity is either incomplete or lacking. Phytomyxean species influence fitness by altering the metabolism and/or the reproductive success of their hosts. The resulting changes can (1) have an impact on the biodiversity within host populations, and (2) influence microbial food webs because of altered availability of nutrients (e.g. changed metabolic status of host, transfer of organic matter). Also, phytomyxean species may affect their host populations indirectly by transmitting viruses. The majority of the currently known single-stranded RNA marine viruses structurally resemble the viruses transmitted by phytomyxean species to crops in agricultural environments. Here, we explore possible ecological roles of these parasites in marine habitats; however, only the inclusion of Phytomyxea in marine biodiversity studies will allow estimation of the true impact of these species on global primary production in the oceans.

scholarly journals Architecture of Marine Food Webs: to be or not be a ‘small-world’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Ignacio Marina ◽  
Leonardo A. Saravia ◽  
Georgina Cordone ◽  
Vanesa Salinas ◽  
Santiago R. Doyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Small World ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Characteristic Path Length ◽  
Structural Pattern ◽  
Marine Food Webs ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Marine Food

AbstractThe search for general properties in network structure has been a central issue for food web studies in recent years. One such property is the small-world topology that combines a high clustering and a small distance between nodes of the network. This property may increase food web resilience but make them more sensitive to the extinction of connected species. Food web theory has been developed principally from freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, largely omitting marine habitats. If theory needs to be modified to accommodate observations from marine ecosystems, based on major differences in several topological characteristics is still on debate. Here we investigated if the small-world topology is a common structural pattern in marine food webs. We developed a novel, simple and statistically rigorous method to examine the largest set of complex marine food webs to date. More than half of the analyzed marine networks exhibited a similar or lower characteristic path length than the random expectation, whereas 39% of the webs presented a significantly higher clustering than its random counterpart. Our method proved that 5 out of 28 networks fulfilled both features of the small-world topology: short path length and high clustering. This work represents the first rigorous analysis of the small-world topology and its associated features in high-quality marine networks. We conclude that such topology is a structural pattern that is not maximized in marine food webs; thus it is probably not an effective model to study robustness, stability and feasibility of marine ecosystems.

scholarly journals Trophic structure of southern marine ecosystems: a comparative isotopic analysis from the Beagle Channel to the oceanic Burdwood Bank area under a wasp-waist assumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
L Riccialdelli ◽  
YA Becker ◽  
NE Fioramonti ◽  
M Torres ◽  
DO Bruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
South Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Food Web Structure ◽  
Beagle Channel ◽  
Burdwood Bank

Understanding the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems has become a critical issue to assess the potential short- and long-term effects of natural and anthropogenic impacts and to determine the knowledge needed to conduct appropriate conservation actions. This goal can be achieved in part by acquiring more detailed food web information and evaluating the processes that shape food web structure and dynamics. Our main objective was to identify large-scale patterns in the organization of pelagic food webs that can be linked to a wasp-waist (WW) structure, proposed for the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean. We evaluated 3 sub-Antarctic marine areas in a regional context: the Beagle Channel (BC), the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego (CA) and the oceanic Burdwood Bank area (BB). We used carbon and nitrogen isotopic information of all functional trophic groups, ranging from primary producers to top predators, and analyzed them through stable isotope-based Bayesian analyses. We found that BC and BB have a more pronounced WW structure compared to CA. We identified species at mid to low trophic positions that play a key role in the trophodynamics of each marine area (e.g. Fuegian sprat Sprattus fuegensis, longtail southern cod Patagonotothen ramsayi and squat lobster Munida gregaria) and considered them as the most plausible WW species. The identification of the most influential species within food webs has become a crucial task for conservation purposes in local and regional contexts to maintain ecosystem integrity and the supply of ecosystem services for the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean.

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