scholarly journals Mortality in children aged <5 years with severe acute respiratory illness in a high HIV-prevalence urban and rural areas of South Africa, 2009–2013

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255941
Author(s):  
Oluwatosin A. Ayeni ◽  
Sibongile Walaza ◽  
Stefano Tempia ◽  
Michelle Groome ◽  
Kathleen Kahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Rural Hospitals ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Urban Hospital ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

Background Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) is an important cause of mortality in young children, especially in children living with HIV infection. Disparities in SARI death in children aged <5 years exist in urban and rural areas. Objective To compare the factors associated with in-hospital death among children aged <5 years hospitalized with SARI in an urban vs. a rural setting in South Africa from 2009–2013. Methods Data were collected from hospitalized children with SARI in one urban and two rural sentinel surveillance hospitals. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for ten respiratory viruses and blood for pneumococcal DNA using polymerase chain reaction. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify patient and clinical characteristics associated with in-hospital death. Results From 2009 through 2013, 5,297 children aged <5 years with SARI-associated hospital admission were enrolled; 3,811 (72%) in the urban and 1,486 (28%) in the rural hospitals. In-hospital case-fatality proportion (CFP) was higher in the rural hospitals (6.9%) than the urban hospital (1.3%, p<0.001), and among HIV-infected than the HIV-uninfected children (9.6% vs. 1.6%, p<0.001). In the urban hospital, HIV infection (odds ratio (OR):11.4, 95% confidence interval (CI):5.4–24.1) and presence of any other underlying illness (OR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.0–9.2) were the only factors independently associated with death. In the rural hospitals, HIV infection (OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 2.3–7.1) and age <1 year (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.9–7.2) were independently associated with death, whereas duration of hospitalization ≥5 days (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3–0.8) and any respiratory virus detection (OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3–0.8) were negatively associated with death. Conclusion We found that the case-fatality proportion was substantially higher among children admitted to rural hospitals and HIV infected children with SARI in South Africa. While efforts to prevent and treat HIV infections in children may reduce SARI deaths, further efforts to address health care inequality in rural populations are needed.

Acute myocardial infarction: Period prevalence, case fatality, and comparison of black and white cases in urban and rural areas of South Carolina

1985 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 776-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian E. Keil ◽  
Donald E. Saunders ◽  
Daniel T. Lackland ◽  
Martin C. Weinrich ◽  
Murray B. Hudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Period Prevalence ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

scholarly journals Mortality amongst Patients with Influenza-Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness, South Africa, 2009-2013

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e0118884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Cohen ◽  
Jocelyn Moyes ◽  
Stefano Tempia ◽  
Michelle Groome ◽  
Sibongile Walaza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

scholarly journals Human bocavirus, coronavirus, and polyomavirus detected among patients hospitalised with severe acute respiratory illness in South Africa, 2012 to 2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. e59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Subramoney ◽  
Orienka Hellferscee ◽  
Marthi Pretorius ◽  
Stefano Tempia ◽  
Meredith McMorrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

Who gets the disability grant in South Africa? An analysis of the characteristics of recipients in urban and rural areas

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (15) ◽  
pp. 1139-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Jelsma ◽  
Soraya Maart ◽  
Arne Eide ◽  
Mzolisi Toni ◽  
Mitch Loeb
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Disability Grant ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

scholarly journals Eastern Cape teachers’ beliefs of the nature of mathematics: Implications for the introduction of in-service mathematical literacy programmes for teachers

Pythagoras ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 0 (60) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Webb ◽  
Paul Webb
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Mathematical Literacy ◽  
Literacy Curriculum ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Nature Of Mathematics ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Various studies have shown that what teachers consider to be optimal ways of teaching mathematics is influenced by their beliefs about the nature of mathematics, and that it is advantageous to determine teachers’ conceptions of the nature of mathematics before developing curriculum interventions. With the imminent introduction of Mathematical Literacy in the FET phase in South Africa this study provides a snapshot of beliefs of teachers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Various methods were employed to stimulate teachers to both reflect on their beliefs and to make them explicit. A questionnaire was administered to 339 in-service teachers in urban and rural areas of the Eastern Cape. A sample of ninety-five of these teachers completed a second questionnaire based on videotapes of lessons recorded during the TIMSS (1995) study that they had viewed. These teachers also ranked their own teaching on a continuum ranging from traditional to constructivist approaches and provided explanations for their ranking. A further sub-sample of thirty-six teachers participated in individual interviews, which explored their perceptions of the nature of mathematics and their own teaching practice. In order to investigate whether these beliefs were mirrored in practice, four teachers were observed and videotaped in their classrooms. The data generated by this study suggest that the participating teachers’ espoused beliefs of the nature of mathematics tended to be innovative, and correlated with innovative views of teaching and learning; however these views were often not reflected in their practice. The implications that the apparent inability of teachers to translate their beliefs into practice have for the introduction of a contextual, problem-based Mathematical Literacy curriculum for teachers is explored.

Prevalence and risk factors of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in urban and rural areas in Tamil Nadu, India

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suniti Solomon ◽  
N Kumarasamy ◽  
A K Ganesh ◽  
R Edwin Amalraj
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Multiple Partner ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Hiv 1

Summary: We aim to study the factors associated with the prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in the urban and rural areas of Tamil Nadu, India. The population of Tamil Nadu is approximately 60 million. Between April 94 and March 95, 992 samples from 5 representative urban centres and 1071 samples from 5 representative rural centres were collected and studied. A questionnaire was administered privately and it preceded collection of each sample. Samples were screened using ELISA and antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 were confirmed using Western blot. The study was anonymous and unlinked. The prevalence of HIV infection in urban and rural areas was 7.2% (95% CI=6.1 to 8.31%); HIV-1 antibodies were found in 7.4% (95% CI=5.8 to 9.2%) of urban and 7.0% (95% CI=5.6 to 8.7%) of rural population; HIV-2 antibodies were found in 0.8% of urban and 0.3% of rural population. Heterosexual transmission, more so among those with multiple partner sex, was the main mode; higher prevalence of HIV infection among divorced/single individuals both in urban (21.1%) and rural (26.1%) was found. HIV infection among housewives stood at 4.1% (urban) and 3.8% (rural). The strength of association between STDs and HIV was observed to be greater in rural subjects (OR=8.89; 95% CI=5.11 to 15.57) than in urban subjects (OR=1.9; 95% CI=1.14 to 3.18). The prevalence of condom use was found to be less than 2% in the study subjects. HIV-2 is not as widely prevalent in Tamil Nadu as HIV-1. In our study the most common risk factors for HIV infection that emerged were (a) having multiple sexual partners, and (b) history of STDs or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) reactivity. Mobility of individuals between urban and rural areas has furthered the dissemination of HIV infection. Low condom usage among study subjects questions the effectiveness of the existing AIDS awareness and education programme. The study indicates the importance of placing equal emphasis on HIV prevention in rural India. HIV infection among housewives in urban and rural areas is indicative of gender inequalities and the importance of empowering women to prevent infection from spouse.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document