scholarly journals Carrots for the donkey: Influence of evaluative conditioning and training on self-paced exercise intensity and delay discounting of exercise in healthy adults

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0257953
Author(s):  
Hans-Peter Kubis ◽  
Tamam A. Albelwi ◽  
Robert D. Rogers

To choose exercise over alternative behaviours, subjective reward evaluation of the potential choices is a principal step in decision making. However, the selection of exercise intensity might integrate acute visceral responses (i.e. pleasant or unpleasant feelings) and motives related to goals (i.e. enjoyment, competition, health). To understand the factors determining the selection of exercise in its intensity and evaluation as a modality, we conducted a study combining exercise training and evaluative conditioning. Evaluative conditioning was performed by using a novel technique using a primary reinforcer (sweetness) as the unconditioned stimulus and physical strain i.e. heart rate elevation as the conditioned stimulus during interval training, using a randomized control design (N = 58). Pre, post-three weeks interval training w/o conditioning, and after 4 weeks follow-up, participants were tested on self-paced speed selection on treadmill measuring heart rate, subjective pleasantness, and effort levels, as well as delay-discounting of exercise and food rewards. Results revealed that the selection of exercise intensity was significantly increased by adaptation to training and evaluative conditioning, revealing the importance of visceral factors as well as learned expected rewards. Delay discounting rates of self-paced exercise were transiently reduced by training but not affected by evaluative conditioning. In conclusion, exercise decisions are suggested to separate the decision-making process into a modality-specific cognitive evaluation of exercise, and an exercise intensity selection based on acute visceral experience integrating effort, pleasantness, and learned rewards.

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain ◽  
Imran Siddique ◽  
Rifaqat Ali ◽  
Fahd Jarad ◽  
Abdul Samad ◽  
...  

The concept of the neutrosophic hypersoft set (NHSS) is a parameterized family that deals with the subattributes of the parameters and is a proper extension of the neutrosophic soft set to accurately assess the deficiencies, anxiety, and uncertainty in decision-making. Compared with existing research, NHSS can accommodate more uncertainty, which is the most significant technique for describing fuzzy information in the decision-making process. The main objective of the follow-up study is to develop the theory of neutrosophic hypersoft matrix (NHSM). The NHSM is the generalized form of a neutrosophic soft matrix (NSM). Some fundamental operations and score function for NHSMs have been introduced with their desirable properties. Furthermore, we introduce the logical operators such as OR-operator and AND-operator with their fundamental properties in the following research. The necessity and possibility operations for NHSMs have been established. Utilizing the developed score function, a decision-making methodology has been developed to solve the multiattribute decision-making (MADM) problem. To ensure the validity of the proposed approach, a numerical illustration has been described for the selection of competent faculty member. The practicality and effectiveness of the current approach are proved through comparative analysis with the assistance of some existing studies.


2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhua She ◽  
Hitoshi Nakamura ◽  
Koji Makino ◽  
Yasuhiro Ohyama ◽  
Hiroshi Hashimoto

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
T. S. Kovalchuk ◽  
T. K. Kruchina ◽  
R. B. Tatarskiy ◽  
T. M. Pervunina ◽  
M. Sh. Malyarova ◽  
...  

Purpose. To study the clinical course of multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) and to evaluate the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic therapy (AAT) in patients with onset of arrhythmia before the age of 1 year.Methods. The study included 15 children with primary registration of MAT at the age of 2.04±2.27 months, 4 of them - in utero. The follow-up period was 35.9±26.9 months (Me 29 months). All patients underwent laboratory monitoring, 12-lead ECG recording, 24-hour ECG monitoring, echocardiography at baseline and during time of observation.Results. Tachycardia was persistent in 80% of patients. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (TIC) was present in 7 (46%) patients. Structural heart disease was detected in 6 patients. The average heart rate at the onset of the disease was 157.9±23.78 bpm, the maximum - 256.7±35.84 bpm. Fourteen (93.3%) children received AAT. Seven patients were prescribed propranolol first, 6 - amiodarone, 1 - digoxin. Monotherapy was effective in 2 patients. Combined AAT was used in 12 patients, including three children with three drugs combination. No benefits were found for any of the drugs combinations. Stable sinus rhythm at the time of discharge was observed in 4 (28,6%) patients, sinus rhythm with atrial ectopic activity was registered in 2 of them; criteria for normosystole were achieved in 7 patients; in one child with TIC daytime tachysystole persisted despite three-component AAT, but echocardiography parameters improved. Arrhythmia was disappeared in 13 (86.6%) patients; the duration of arrhythmia in them from 1 to 15 months, duration of AAT - 1 ±7.5 months (Me 9.5 months). MAT persists in two patients with structural heart disease. One patient underwent radiofrequency ablation at the age of 5, with no effect. One patient had side effects from therapy that required correction. There were no lethal outcomes.Conclusion. MAT with a debut at the age of 1 year with timely prescribed treatment has a favorable course and a good prognosis, but the probability of AAT resistance is high. These cases require a long-term selection of therapy using various combinations of antiarrhythmic drugs. Heart rate control strategy can be sufficient to prevent the development of TIC.


2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-142
Author(s):  
S.PUSHPARANI S.PUSHPARANI ◽  
◽  
Dr.S.SENTHAMILKUMAR Dr.S.SENTHAMILKUMAR

Author(s):  
Lidia K Simanjuntak ◽  
Tessa Y M Sihite ◽  
Mesran Mesran ◽  
Nuning Kurniasih ◽  
Yuhandri Yuhandri

All colleges each year organize the selection of new admissions. Acceptance of prospective students in universities as education providers is done by selecting prospective students based on achievement in school and college entrance selection. To select the best student candidates based on predetermined criteria, then use Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) or commonly called decision support system. One method in MCDM is the Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la Reality (ELECTRE). The ELECTRE method is the best method of action selection. The ELECTRE method to obtain the best alternative by eliminating alternative that do not fit the criteria and can be applied to the decision SNMPTN invitation path.


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