scholarly journals An assessment on potential risk pathways for the incursion of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in backyard poultry farm in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2104-2111
Author(s):  
Kamrul Islam ◽  
Md. Murshidul Ahsan ◽  
Shovon Chakma ◽  
Kinley Penjor ◽  
Mukti Barua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Live Bird Market ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Control Option ◽  
Level Of Agreement ◽  
Live Bird

Background and Aim: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a deadly virus of zoonotic potential. The study mainly aims to determine the risk pathways (RPs) for the probable incursion of HPAI virus (HPAIV) in backyard poultry in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: The study involves expert elicitation technique. The concept map determines the possible RPs. The map consists of 16 concepts, each with nodes from which probabilities of an event originates. These probabilities are described by qualitative descriptors ranging from negligible to high. Risk assessment has been performed using the subjective risk assessment tool. Results: The tool demonstrates positive correlation among groups of experts in the level of agreement by scoring RP; however, the level of agreement varies from 71% to 93% among group of experts. The median risk score of viral incursion through the "Exposure of backyard poultry with farm poultry in the trading market" was 11 and ranked as top, followed by "Contaminated live bird market environment" and "Sharing common scavenging space with migratory birds" (median risk score, 10.5; rank, 2), and "Scavenging of infected slaughtered poultry remnants by backyard poultry" (median risk score, 5.3; rank, 3) when no control options were applied along with the RPs. After applying or considering control option along with contaminated live bird market environment, the median risk score was reduced to 5.0. Applying a specific control option along with each RP reduced estimated median risk scores for HPAIV incursions. Conclusion: This study provides an insight into the incursion risks of HPAIV through various RPs in backyard poultry in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals A Stakeholder Survey on Live Bird Market Closures Policy for Controlling Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Thanh Thuy Nguyen ◽  
Lyle Fearnley ◽  
Xuan Tung Dinh ◽  
Thi Tram Anh Tran ◽  
Trong Tung Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Live Bird Market ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Live Bird

scholarly journals Pathobiology of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Minor Gallinaceous Poultry Supports Early Backyard Flock Introductions in the Western United States in 2014-2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateri Bertran ◽  
Dong-Hun Lee ◽  
Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood ◽  
Erica Spackman ◽  
Charles Balzli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
The United States ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

ABSTRACT In 2014 and 2015, the United States experienced an unprecedented outbreak of Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. Initial cases affected mainly wild birds and mixed backyard poultry species, while later outbreaks affected mostly commercial chickens and turkeys. The pathogenesis, transmission, and intrahost evolutionary dynamics of initial Eurasian H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses in the United States were investigated in minor gallinaceous poultry species (i.e., species for which the U.S. commercial industries are small), namely, Japanese quail, bobwhite quail, pearl guinea fowl, chukar partridges, and ring-necked pheasants. Low mean bird infectious doses (<2 to 3.7 log10) support direct introduction and infection of these species as observed in mixed backyard poultry during the early outbreaks. Pathobiological features and systemic virus replication in all species tested were consistent with HPAI virus infection. Sustained virus shedding with transmission to contact-exposed birds, alongside long incubation periods, may enable unrecognized dissemination and adaptation to other gallinaceous species, such as chickens and turkeys. Genome sequencing of excreted viruses revealed numerous low-frequency polymorphisms and 20 consensus-level substitutions in all genes and species, but especially in Japanese quail and pearl guinea fowl and in internal proteins PB1 and PB2. This genomic flexibility after only one passage indicates that influenza viruses can continue to evolve in galliform species, increasing their opportunity to adapt to other species. Our findings suggest that these gallinaceous poultry are permissive for infection and sustainable transmissibility with the 2014 initial wild bird-adapted clade 2.3.4.4 virus, with potential acquisition of mutations leading to host range adaptation. IMPORTANCE The outbreak of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus that occurred in the United States in 2014 and 2015 represents the worst livestock disease event in the country, with unprecedented socioeconomic and commercial consequences. Epidemiological and molecular investigations can identify transmission pathways of the HPAI virus. However, understanding the pathogenesis, transmission, and intrahost evolutionary dynamics of new HPAI viruses in different avian species is paramount. The significance of our research is in examining the susceptibility of minor gallinaceous species to HPAI virus, as this poultry sector also suffers from HPAI epizootics, and identifying the biological potential of these species as an epidemiological link between the waterfowl reservoir and the commercial chicken and turkey populations, with the ultimate goal of refining surveillance in these populations to enhance early detection, management, and control in future HPAI virus outbreaks.

scholarly journals Negligible risk of H5N1 infection from bathing and drinking water in Europe: ECDC risk assessment

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Collective Editorial team
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
H5n1 Infection ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza H5n1 ◽  
Influenza H5n1

People who bathe in water in areas of Europe where birds have been tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 are at negligible risk of infection with that virus, according to a risk assessment carried out by experts

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