scholarly journals Apprendre à regarder pour voir

lieuxdits ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Joëlle Houdé ◽  
Damien Claeys
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
American Economic Review

/ Citation : Joëlle Houdé et Damien Claeys, "Apprendre à regarder pour voir", lieuxdits#1, UCLouvain - Louvain-la-Neuve : Faculté LOCI, juin 2011, pp.13-17. Bibliographie I. Ramonet, Propagandes silencieuses, Paris : Gallimard, 2004. E. Husserl, Méditations cartésiennes, II, 14, Paris : PUF, 2004 (Rééd. 1950) J.-J. Wittezaele, L’homme rela- tionnel, Paris : Seuil (Coll. : Couleur psy), 2003 R. Van Durme, Bruxelles, 2007 N. Rase, Bruxelles, 2010 W. Benjamin, « Petite histoire de la photographie » in L’homme, le langage, la culture, Paris : Denoël C. Honoré, Éloge de la lenteur, Paris : Marabout, 2005 H. Gaudin, Pour trait, Colloque du Centenaire Du dessein au dessin, Bruxelles : La lettre volée, (Coll. : Essais), 2007 Le Corbusier, L’Atelier de la Recherche Patiente, Paris : Vincent, Fréal et Cie, 1960 Assouline P., Cartier-Bresson, L’œil du siècle, Paris : Gallimard, 2001 H. Cartier-Bresson, "L’instant décisif ", in Images à la sauvette, Paris : Verve,1952 H. Gaudin, Pour trait, Colloque du Centenaire Du dessein au dessin, Bruxelles : La lettre volée, (Coll. : Essais), 2007 Ludovic Blanckaert & Adrien Verschuere, "Pierre Von Meiss, Interview" in Drese J. (Dir.), Les cahiers de l’architecture, ISA Saint- Luc de Tournai, n°14 A. Lemaire, Autriche, 2008 M. Fabre, Autriche, 2008 J.-P. Durand, "Entretien avec Luigi Snozzi", La représentation du projet, Paris : La Villette, 2003 Architecture Saint-Luc Bruxelles 2000- 1, Bruxelles : ARC, 1999, p.15 Ch. Duboux, Le dessin comme langage, Lausanne : PPUR, 2009 Le Corbusier, Le dessin comme outil, catalogue d’exposition, Lyon : Fage, 2006 Th. de Quirini , Liège, mention bac 1, 2010 S.Beuzart, Cologne, 1er prix bac 1, 2010 O. Julienne, Figino et environs, 1er prix bac 2, 2010 H. Cartier-Bresson, "L’ins- tant décisif ", in Images à la sauvette, Paris : Verve, 1952 G. Bachelard, La formation de l’esprit scientifique, Paris : Vrin, 1938 (Rééd. 2004) A. Machado, Champs de Castille, Paris : Gallimard, 1973 (Rééd. 1936, p. 205) D. Duchemin, L’ âme du photo- graphe, Paris : Pearson, 2004 Cartier-Bresson H., op. cit., Paris : Verve, 1952 D. Duchemin, L’âme du pho- tographe, Paris : Pearson, 2004. H. Simon, "Theories of Decision-Making in economics and Behavioral Science", American Economic Review, 49, n° 1, 1959

Supporting Responsive Federal Drug Sentencing Through Education in the Workshop on Science-Informed Decision Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Hon. Nancy Gertner ◽  
Dr. Judith Edersheim ◽  
Dr. Robert Kinscherff ◽  
Cassandra Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Informed Decision ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Informed Decision Making ◽  
Sentencing Decisions ◽  
Federal Judiciary ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Federal Judges

On the federal level, judicial education in sentencing has been focused primarily on preparing judges to calculate and apply the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. But in an advisory guidelines context, making individualized assessments in drug cases requires education in the science of addictions, the drivers of behavior, and the prospects for behavior change when substances are involved. Neuroscience and the sciences of human behavior provide clarifying insight into substance-driven behaviors and cognitions that are routinely encountered in federal drug cases. These disciplines support individualized sentencing by shedding new light on the nature of inhibitory control, the reasonable expectations for relapse, and the distinctions that can be drawn based on science between different treatment interventions. In this Article, we report on the Workshop on Science-Informed Decision Making, an education initiative in the federal judiciary. Since 2016, it has provided education in neuroscience and behavioral science, as well as skills training in individualizing sentences using insights from that science, to U.S. district judges, magistrate judges, and pretrial services and probation officers in thirty-two federal districts. We describe the case-study-based instructional approach of the workshop, including some of the misconceptions about addiction behavior it addresses, and explain why we believe that this kind of education helps federal judges, and pretrial services and probation officers, craft more responsive sentencing decisions and recommendations.

Supreme Court Decision Making on Insanity Acquittees Does not Depend on Research Conducted by the Behavioral Science Community: Jones v. United States

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-525
Author(s):  
Winsor C. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Offense Severity ◽  
Insanity Acquittees

The United States Supreme Court's decision making on the Jones v. United States issue of an insanity acquit tee's disposition, when his mental hospitalization exceeds his maximum prison sentence if convicted, is analyzed from the perspective of relevant behavioral science research. The Court's “common sense” that insanity acquittal reflects a likelihood of remaining mentally ill and in need of treatment is not sustained by the available empirical evidence. The Court's assertion of no necessary correlation between acquittee offense severity and length of recovery is also belied by the available research. The Supreme Court has ratified social judgments concerning insanity acquittees rather than utilizing available behavioral research to make more rational policy determinations. The statistically insignificant insanity acquittal disposition could be assessed from a more informed perspective.

scholarly journals The imperative of interpretable machines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Stoyanovich ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel ◽  
Tessa West
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Trust In Institutions

Fairness in machine-assisted decision making is critical to consider, since a lack of fairness can harm individuals or groups, erode trust in institutions and systems, and reinforce structural discrimination. To avoid making ethical mistakes, or amplifying them, it is important to ensure that the algorithms we develop are fair and promote trust. We argue that the marriage of techniques from behavioral science and computer science is essential to develop algorithms that make ethical decisions and ensure the welfare of society. Specifically, we focus on the role of procedural justice, moral cognition, and social identity in promoting trust in algorithms and offer a road map for future research on the topic.

Behavioral Science and Climate Policy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Howlett ◽  
Stuti Rawat
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Wicked Problem ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Change Policy

Behavioral science consists of the systematic analysis of processes underlying human behavior through experimentation and observation, drawing on knowledge, research, and methods from a variety of fields such as economics, psychology, and sociology. Because policymaking involves efforts to modify or alter the behavior of policy-takers and centers on the processes of decision-making in government, it has always been concerned with behavioral psychology. Classic studies of decision-making in the field derived their frameworks and concepts from psychology, and the founder of policy sciences, Harold Lasswell, was himself trained as a behavioral political scientist. Hence, it should not be surprising that the use of behavioral science is a feature of many policy areas, including climate change policy. This is given extra emphasis, however, because climate change policymaking and the rise of climate change as a policy issue coincides with a resurgence in behaviorally inspired policy analysis and design brought about by the development of behavioral economics. Thus efforts to deal with climate change have come into being at a time when behavioral governance has been gaining traction worldwide under the influence of works by, among others, Kahneman and Tversky, Thaler, and Sunstein. Such behavioral governance studies have focused on the psychological and cognitive behavioral processes in individuals and collectives, in order to inform, design, and implement different modes of governing. They have been promoted by policy scholars, including many economists working in the area who prefer its insights to those put forward by classical or neoclassical economics. In the context of climate change policy, behavioral science plays two key roles—through its use of behaviorally premised policy instruments as new modes of public policy being used or proposed to be used, in conjunction with traditional climate change policy tools; and as a way of understanding some of the barriers to compliance and policy design encountered by governments in combating the “super wicked problem” of climate change. Five kinds of behavioral tools have been found to be most commonly used in relation to climate change policy: provision of information, use of social norms, goal setting, default rules, and framing. A large proportion of behavioral tools has been used in the energy sector, because of its importance in the context of climate change action and the fact that energy consumption is easy to monitor, thereby facilitating impact assessment.

The psychology of decision making in a unified behavioral science

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-42
Author(s):  
Keith E. Stanovich
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Unified View ◽  
Preference Structures ◽  
The Mind

The cognitive psychology of judgment and decision making helps to elaborate Gintis's unified view of the behavioral sciences by highlighting the fact that decisions result from multiple systems in the mind. It also adds to the unified view the idea that the potential to self-critique preference structures is a unique feature of human cognition.

Judicial Self-Restraint

1955 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 762-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Roche
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Holy Grail ◽  
Constitutional Tradition ◽  
Political Economic

Every society, sociological research suggests, has its set of myths which incorporate and symbolize its political, economic, and social aspirations. Thus, as medieval society had the Quest for the Holy Grail and the cult of numerology, we, in our enlightened epoch, have as significant manifestations of our collective hopes the dream of impartial decision-making and the cult of “behavioral science.” While in my view these latter two are but different facets of the same fundamental drive, namely, the age-old effort to exorcise human variables from human action, our concern here is with the first of them, the pervasive tendency in the American political and constitutional tradition directed towards taking the politics out of politics, and substituting some set of Platonic guardians for fallible politicians.

The “House of Quality for Behavioral Science”—a user-centered tool to design behavioral interventions

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L Mullane ◽  
Dana R Epstein ◽  
Matthew P Buman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Correlation Matrix ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Quality Function Deployment ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Intervention Design ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
House Of Quality ◽  
Factorial Trial ◽  
User Centered

Abstract Within the behavioral field, a plethora of conceptual frameworks and tools have been developed to improve transition from efficacy to effectiveness trials; however, they are limited in their ability to support new, iterative intervention design decision-making methodologies beyond traditional randomized controlled trial design. Emerging theories suggest that researchers should employ engineering based user-centered design (UCD) methods to support more iterative intervention design decision-making in the behavioral field. We present, an adaptation of a UCD tool used in the engineering field—the Quality Function Deployment “House of Quality” correlation matrix, to support iterative intervention design decision-making and documentation for multicomponent behavioral interventions and factorial trial designs. We provide a detailed description of the adapted tool—“House of Quality for Behavioral Science”, and a step-by-step use-case scenario to demonstrate the early identification of intervention flaws and prioritization of requirements. Four intervention design flaws were identified via the tool application. Completion of the relationship correlation matrix increased requirement ranking variance for the researcher (σ2 = 0.47 to 7.19) and participant (σ2 = 0.56 to 3.89) perspective. Requirement prioritization (ranking) was facilitated by factoring in the strength of the correlation between each perspective and corresponding importance. A correlational matrix tool such as the “House of Quality for Behavioral Science” may provide a structured, UCD approach that balances researcher and participant needs and identifies design flaws for pragmatic behavioral intervention design. This tool may support iterative design decision-making for multicomponent and factorial trial designs.

scholarly journals Barriers inhibiting effective detection and management of postpartum hemorrhage during facility-based births in Madagascar: findings from a qualitative study using a behavioral science lens

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara V. Flanagan ◽  
Tina Razafinamanana ◽  
Charlotte Warren ◽  
Jana Smith
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Postpartum Hemorrhage ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Clinical Practices

Abstract Background Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality in low-income countries, and is the most common direct cause of maternal deaths in Madagascar. Studies in Madagascar and other low-income countries observe low provider adherence to recommended practices for PPH prevention and treatment. Our study addresses gaps in the literature by applying a behavioral science lens to identify barriers inhibiting facility-based providers’ consistent following of PPH best practices in Madagascar. Methods In June 2019, we undertook a cross-sectional qualitative research study in peri-urban and rural areas of the Vatovavy-Fitovinany region of Madagascar. We conducted 47 in-depth interviews in 19 facilities and five communities, with facility-based healthcare providers, postpartum women, medical supervisors, community health volunteers, and traditional birth attendants, and conducted thematic analysis of the transcripts. Results We identified seven key behavioral insights representing a range of factors that may contribute to delays in appropriate PPH management in these settings. Findings suggest providers’ perceived low risk of PPH may influence their compliance with best practices, subconsciously or explicitly, and lead them to undervalue the importance of PPH prevention and monitoring measures. Providers lack clear feedback on specific components of their performance, which ultimately inhibits continuous improvement of compliance with best practices. Providers demonstrate great resourcefulness while operating in a challenging context with limited equipment, supplies, and support; however, overcoming these challenges remains their foremost concern. This response to chronic scarcity is cognitively taxing and may ultimately affect clinical decision-making. Conclusions Our study reveals how perception of low risk of PPH, limited feedback on compliance with best practices and consequences of current practices, and a context of scarcity may negatively affect provider decision-making and clinical practices. Behaviorally informed interventions, designed for specific contexts that care providers operate in, can help improve quality of care and health outcomes for women in labor and childbirth.

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