Observations on the Physical Properties of Sea-Ice at Hopedale, Labrador

ARCTIC ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilford F. Weeks ◽  
Owen S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Cambridge Research ◽  
Freezing Period ◽  
Before And After ◽  
General Physical

Preliminary results are reported of field studies 1955-56 by the U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Center, the Hydrographic Office and SIPRE on the general physical properties of sea ice; methods of measurement are described. Characteristics of sea water during the freezing period are outlined: formation, structure, and salinity of the initial ice cover, formation and characteristics of infiltrated snow-ice, growth of the ice and influencing factors, density of the ice at various periods, and crack formation are discussed. Data on the salinity of sea ice formed during during wave action and that of sheet-ice, hourly averages of air and ice temperatures at various levels, snow and slush density and thickness, observed slush levels and theoretical water levels are shown. Salinity of ice before and after the slush layer froze, and that of deteriorating ice , salinity of ice vs. ice thickness, thickness of ice versus degree-days, the density of the ice, and measured ice densities vs. theoretical density of air-free sea ice at -15 C are figured and discussed. The orientation of sea ice c-axes and of infiltrated snow-ice c-axes are diagrammed.--From SIPRE.

United States sea ice physics project, 1954–59

Polar Record ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 9 (63) ◽  
pp. 553-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
Army Corps Of Engineers ◽  
General Physical

In 1954 the Geophysics Research Directorate of the Air Force Cambridge Research Center (AFCRC), at the request of Northeast Air Command, United States Air Force, organized a study of the physical properties, growth, and bearing capacity of sea ice. The object of the study was to gain information about the conditions under which various aircraft and vehicles could operate on sea ice, for supply and rescue purposes. The Navy Hydrographic Office (NHO) and the Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment (SIPRE) of the Army Corps of Engineers also took part in the project. The spheres of interest of each organization were as follows: AFCRC, the application of geophysical and crystallographic methods to the study of sea ice; NHO, the details of the relations between meteorological conditions and the growth rate and general physical properties of sea ice; and SIPRE, the variation of the strength of sea ice as determined by small-scale field tests, and the application of this information toward an analysis of the bearing capacity of sea ice.

scholarly journals Engineering Properties of Sea Ice

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (81) ◽  
pp. 499-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schwarz ◽  
W. F. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Continental Shelves ◽  
The Status

AbstractAs the continental shelves of the Arctic become important as source areas for the oil and minerals required by human society, sea ice becomes an increasing challenge to engineers. The present paper starts with a consideration of the different fields of engineering which require information on sea ice with the tasks ranging from the design of ice-breaking ships to Arctic drilling platforms and man-made ice islands. Then the structure of sea ice is described as it influences the observed variations in physical properties. Next the status of our knowledge of the physical properties important to engineering is reviewed. Properties discussed include mechanical properties (compressive, tensile, shear and flexural strengths; dynamic and static elastic moduli; Poisson’s ratio), friction and adhesion, thermal properties (specific and latent heats, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, density) and finally electromagnetic properties (dielectric permittivity and loss, resistivity). Particular attention is given to parameters such as temperature, strain-rate, brine volume, and loading direction as they affect property variations. Gaps, contradictions in the data, and inadequacies in testing techniques are pointed out. Finally suggestions are made for future research, especially for more basic laboratory studies designed to provide the data base upon which further theoretical developments as well as field studies can be built.

scholarly journals Engineering Properties of Sea Ice

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (81) ◽  
pp. 499-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schwarz ◽  
W. F. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Continental Shelves ◽  
The Status

AbstractAs the continental shelves of the Arctic become important as source areas for the oil and minerals required by human society, sea ice becomes an increasing challenge to engineers. The present paper starts with a consideration of the different fields of engineering which require information on sea ice with the tasks ranging from the design of ice-breaking ships to Arctic drilling platforms and man-made ice islands. Then the structure of sea ice is described as it influences the observed variations in physical properties. Next the status of our knowledge of the physical properties important to engineering is reviewed. Properties discussed include mechanical properties (compressive, tensile, shear and flexural strengths; dynamic and static elastic moduli; Poisson’s ratio), friction and adhesion, thermal properties (specific and latent heats, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, density) and finally electromagnetic properties (dielectric permittivity and loss, resistivity). Particular attention is given to parameters such as temperature, strain-rate, brine volume, and loading direction as they affect property variations. Gaps, contradictions in the data, and inadequacies in testing techniques are pointed out. Finally suggestions are made for future research, especially for more basic laboratory studies designed to provide the data base upon which further theoretical developments as well as field studies can be built.

CARLSON ALLOY 90 10 CuNi

Alloy Digest ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Good Resistance

Abstract 90-10 Cupro-nickel is a highly ductile, malleable and corrosion resisting alloy, suitable for water applications. The alloy has approximately 1.4% iron to improve its resistance to sea water. It has good resistance to general corrosion and erosion. Easily fabricated. Readily weldable. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance. Filing Code: CU-600. Producer or source: G.O. Carlson Inc.

IN-838

Alloy Digest ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Nickel Alloy ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Chromium Addition

Abstract IN-838 is a wrought copper-15% nickel alloy with a controlled chromium addition for improved corrosion resistance in flowing sea water. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-297. Producer or source: Brass mills.

LUMEN ALLOY 9

Alloy Digest ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Heat Treating

Abstract UMEN ALLOY 9 is a manganese bronze having excellent combination of strength and corrosion resistance in fresh and sea water. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive strength as well as fracture toughness and fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-57. Producer or source: Lumen Bearing Company.

VLX 954

Alloy Digest ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract VLX 954 is an austenitic stainless steel with 6% (nominal) molybdenum. The alloy is particularly resistant to localized corrosion in sea water and chloride environments. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-589. Producer or source: DMV Stainless USA Inc.

Seasonal variations in the properties and structural composition of sea ice and snow cover in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas, Antarctica

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (143) ◽  
pp. 138-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Jeffries ◽  
K. Morris ◽  
W.F. Weeks ◽  
A. P. Worby
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Frazil Ice ◽  
Core Sets

AbstractSixty-three ice cores were collected in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas in August and September 1993 during a cruise of the R.V. Nathaniel B. Palmer. The structure and stable-isotopic composition (18O/16O) of the cores were investigated in order to understand the growth conditions and to identify the key growth processes, particularly the contribution of snow to sea-ice formation. The structure and isotopic composition of a set of 12 cores that was collected for the same purpose in the Bellingshausen Sea in March 1992 are reassessed. Frazil ice and congelation ice contribute 44% and 26%, respectively, to the composition of both the winter and summer ice-core sets, evidence that the relatively calm conditions that favour congelation-ice formation are neither as common nor as prolonged as the more turbulent conditions that favour frazil-ice growth and pancake-ice formation. Both frazil- and congelation-ice layers have an av erage thickness of 0.12 m in winter, evidence that congelation ice and pancake ice thicken primarily by dynamic processes. The thermodynamic development of the ice cover relies heavily on the formation of snow ice at the surface of floes after sea water has flooded the snow cover. Snow-ice layers have a mean thickness of 0.20 and 0.28 m in the winter and summer cores, respectively, and the contribution of snow ice to the winter (24%) and summer (16%) core sets exceeds most quantities that have been reported previously in other Antarctic pack-ice zones. The thickness and quantity of snow ice may be due to a combination of high snow-accumulation rates and snow loads, environmental conditions that favour a warm ice cover in which brine convection between the bottom and top of the ice introduces sea water to the snow/ice interface, and bottom melting losses being compensated by snow-ice formation. Layers of superimposed ice at the top of each of the summer cores make up 4.6% of the ice that was examined and they increase by a factor of 3 the quantity of snow entrained in the ice. The accumulation of superimposed ice is evidence that melting in the snow cover on Antarctic sea-ice floes ran reach an advanced stage and contribute a significant amount of snow to the total ice mass.

ARCHAEAL ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY WITHIN DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF SUMMER SEA-ICE AND SEA WATER IN PRYDZ BAY, ANTARCTICA

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
Jifei Ma ◽  
Zongjun Du ◽  
Wei Luo ◽  
Yong Yu ◽  
Yinxin Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Prydz Bay ◽  
Abundance And Diversity
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