scholarly journals Salt no longer travels through the Bohemian Forest along the Golden Trail, but halophytic neophytes do

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Zdenka Křenová ◽  
Zdeňka Chocholoušková ◽  
Vladimír Zýval
Keyword(s):  
Winter Maintenance ◽  
Deicing Salt ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
Central European Region ◽  
Bohemian Forest ◽  
Deicing Salts ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
The Bohemian Forest ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Trade Route

The Golden Trail, used for the transport of salt from alpine mines to the Czech Kingdom for centuries, was a crucial ancient trade route in the Central European region. The contemporary road I/4, copying the Golden Trail, plays the same role today. The I/4 is used year round with deicing salt, a common standard, applied for winter maintenance. Deicing salt is often used, even in sections where the I/4 passes through the Bohemian Forest and its protected areas. The effects of applying deicing salts on ecosystems in the region is well documented. In addition to many other effects, high concentrations of salt along the roads cause significant changes in plant communities. Plant species sensitive to salinity disappear and the abundance of halophytes increases. Roads are also trajectories for the migration of neophytes. Seeds or other propagules are transported with cargo or in car tires. In this paper, we present our findings on the pilgrimage of Plantago coronopus, a true halophyte, into the Bohemian Forest. We also describe the species’ colonisation strategy and human measures supporting its successful migration in a region of high conservation value.

The Ancient Trade Route past Hatra and its Roman Posts

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurel Stein
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Gulf Of Aqaba ◽  
Royal Air Force ◽  
Material Support ◽  
North West ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
Petroleum Company ◽  
Ancient Remains

In the spring of 1938 I was able with valuable help from the Royal Air Force and the material support of the Iraq Petroleum Company to carry out a survey of ancient remains along a portion of Rome's Mesopotamian Limes in the extreme north-west of Iraq. These explorations were closely connected with the researches which Père A. Poidebard, S.J., had effected before on the Syrian Limes and recorded in a masterly publication. In the following autumn the survey was resumed by me with the same generous aid and continued until May, 1939, along all routes protected by Roman defences that could be traced from the Tigris and Euphrates into the Syrian desert and thence through Transjordan down to the Gulf of Aqaba.

Annual changes in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) diet in the Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic/Germany

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslava Barančeková ◽  
Jarmila Krojerová-Prokešová ◽  
Pavel Šustr ◽  
Marco Heurich
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Bohemian Forest ◽  
The Bohemian Forest ◽  
Annual Changes

Semi-natural Forested Landscape under a Bark Beetle Outbreak: A case study of the Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic)

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frantisek Zemek ◽  
Pavel Cudli´N ◽  
Jaroslav Boha´c ◽  
Ivo Moravec ◽  
Michal Herman
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bohemian Forest ◽  
The Bohemian Forest

scholarly journals Settling of Road-Deposited Sediment: Influence of Particle Density, Shape, Low Temperatures, and Deicing Salt

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3126
Author(s):  
Steffen H. Rommel ◽  
Laura Gelhardt ◽  
Antje Welker ◽  
Brigitte Helmreich
Keyword(s):  
Particle Density ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Road Runoff ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Deicing Salt ◽  
Deicing Salts ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Settling Column

Separation of particulate matter (PM) is the most important process to achieve a reduction of contaminants present in road runoff. To further improve knowledge about influencing factors on the settling of road-deposited sediment (RDS), samples from three sites were collected. Since particle size distribution (PSD) has the strongest effect on settling, the samples were sieved to achieve comparable PSDs so that the effects of particle density, shape, fluid temperature, and deicing salt concentration on settling could be assessed using settling experiments. Based on the experimental data, a previously proposed model that describes the settling of PM was further developed and validated. In addition, RDS samples were compared to a standard mineral material, which is currently in use to evaluate treatment efficiency of stormwater quality improvement devices. The main finding was that besides PSD, particle density is the most important influencing factor. Particle shape was thoroughly described but showed no significant improvement of the prediction of the settled mass. Temperature showed an effect on PM settling; deicing salts were negligible. The proposed models can sufficiently predict the settling of RDS in settling column experiments under varying boundary conditions and are easily applicable.

Use of Fly Ash to Minimize Deicing Salt Damage in Concrete Pavements

2017 ◽  
Vol 2629 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prannoy Suraneni ◽  
Vahid J. Azad ◽  
O. Burkan Isgor ◽  
W. Jason Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Concrete Pavements ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Deicing Salt ◽  
Performance Specification ◽  
Hydrated Cement Paste ◽  
Deicing Salts ◽  
Damage In Concrete

Premature damage has been observed at the joints in numerous concrete pavements where calcium chloride and magnesium chloride deicing salts have been used. This damage results from a reaction between the deicing salt and the calcium hydroxide (CH) in the hydrated cement paste. This reaction leads to the formation of an expansive product known as calcium oxychloride (CAOXY). The use of supplementary cementitious materials as a replacement for cement has been proposed to reduce the CH that is available in the mixture to react with the deicing salts. Reducing the CH can reduce the amount of CAOXY that forms. In this study, mixtures representative of paving concrete were made with cements and fly ashes from across the country. CH amounts were determined by using thermogravimetric analysis, and CAOXY amounts were determined by using low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry. Various replacement levels of fly ash were used to demonstrate that the main parameter that influences the amounts of CH and CAOXY that form is the replacement level of fly ash. This paper proposes that a prescriptive specification requiring 35% cement replacement by volume with fly ash would reduce the damage caused by CAOXY formation and further proposes a performance specification to limit the CAOXY formation to below 15 g/100 g paste.

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