scholarly journals The Dutch slavery and colonization DNA. A call to engage in self-examination

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 111-136
Author(s):  
Carl H. D. Steinmetz
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
South America ◽  
Netherlands Antilles ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Slave Traders ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
Self Examination ◽  
North And South America

This article answers the question whether there is a Dutch slavery and colonisation DNA. After all, the Netherlands has centuries of experience (approximately three and a half centuries) with colonisation (including occupation, wars and genocide, rearrangement of land and population, plundering and theft), trade in enslaved people (the Atlantic route: Europe, Africa, North and South America) and trade in the products of these enslaved people. The Netherlands has colonised large parts of the world. This was a large part of Asia, including the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, Ceylon, Taiwan and New Guinea, large parts of the continent Africa, including Madagascar, Mozambique, Cape of Good Hope, Luanda, Sao Tome, Fort Elmina etc., and North (New York) and South America (including Brazil, Dejima, Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles). It is a fact that human conditions and circumstances influence the human DNA that is passed on to posterity. This goes through the mechanism of methylation.  This mechanism is used by cells in the human body to put genes in the "off" position. Human conditions and circumstances are abstractly formulated, poverty, hunger, disasters and wars. These are also horrors that accompanied slavery and colonisation. The Dutch, as slave traders, plantation owners, occupiers of lands, soldiers, merchants, captains and sailors, and administrators and their staff, have had centuries of experience with practising atrocities. Because those experiences are translated into the DNA of posterity, it is understandable that Dutch authorities misbehave towards immigrants and refugees. Those institutions are political leaders, governmental institutions, such as the tax authorities and youth welfare, and also companies that do their utmost to avoid taking on immigrants. This behaviour is called institutional colour and black racism.

Hitler's Jewish Refugees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
South America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Jewish Refugees ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

This book describes the experience of Jewish refugees as they fled Hitler to live in limbo in Portugal until they could reach safer havens abroad. As the Nazis launched the Holocaust, Lisbon emerged as the best way station for Jews to escape Europe for North and South America. Jewish refugees had begun fleeing the continent in the mid-1930s from ports closer to home. But after Germany defeated Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France, and Italy joined the war, all in the spring of 1940, Lisbon became the port of departure from Europe. Jewish refugees from western and eastern Europe aimed for Portugal. An emotional history of fleeing, the book probes how specific locations touched refugees' inner lives, including the borders they nervously crossed or the overcrowded transatlantic ships that signaled their liberation.

Plum pox virus. [Distribution map].

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
South America ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Virus Distribution ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Plum pox virus. Potyviridae: Potyvirus. Hosts: Prunus species. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Albania; Austria; Belgium; Bosnia-Hercegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Montenegro; the Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; Azores, Portugal; and England and Wales, UK), Asia (Hunan, China; Himachal Pradesh, India; Iran; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Pakistan; Syria; and Turkey), Africa (Egypt and Tunisia), North America (Nova Scotia and Ontario, Canada, and Michigan, New York and Pennsylvania, USA) and South America (Argentina and Chile).

A first assessment of lichenized Arthoniales in Bolivia with descriptions of two new species

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Ertz ◽  
Adam Flakus ◽  
Magdalena Oset ◽  
Harrie J. M. Sipman ◽  
Martin Kukwa
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
South America ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Netherlands Antilles ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
First Time

Records of 48 species belonging to the order Arthoniales from Bolivia are presented. Cryptothecia rosae-iselae Flakus & Kukwa and Lecanactis minuta Ertz, Flakus & Kukwa are described as new to science. Thirty-seven species are reported for the first time from Bolivia, seven of which, Alyxoria apomelaena, Cryptothecia darwiniana, C. groenhartii, C. megalocarpa, Herpothallon furfuraceum, Lecanographa uniseptata, and Opegrapha subvulgata, are new to South America. This raises the number of Arthoniales known from the country up to 72. Two new combinations are proposed: Alyxoria apomelaena (A. Massal.) Ertz for Opegrapha apomelaena A. Massal. and Myriostigma napoense (Kalb & Jonitz) Kukwa for Cryptothecia napoensis Kalb & Jonitz. Cresponea melanocheiloides is the second species of the genus shown to contain a xantholepinone. Cresponea melanocheiloides is reported as new to Costa Rica and Panama, Cryptothecia megalocarpa as new to the Netherlands Antilles and Guyana and C. striata is new to Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana and the Netherlands Antilles. Distribution data are reported for each species, with taxonomic remarks provided for new and some problematic taxa.

Slavery and Warfare on Land

Atlantic Wars ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 177-200
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Plank
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Organized Violence ◽  
Slave Traders ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
North And South America ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
North And South

Chapter 8 examines the pattern of organized violence associated with slavery on both sides of the Atlantic. In Africa and the Americas women were more likely to be taken and held as slaves than men, but the transatlantic slave trade broke with this pattern, and to explain why, the chapter examines the evolution of the European practice of slavery. In the early modern era, Christian Europeans foreswore enslaving each other, while in the Mediterranean, Muslims enslaved Christians and Christians enslaved Muslims. European slave traders favored male war captives. When European slave traders carried Africans across the Atlantic, they brought many warriors to the Americas, and the chapter concludes with an examination of the warfare endemic to slave societies in North and South America and the Caribbean.

Rosaleen Howard-Malverde (ed.), Creating context in Andean cultures. (Oxford studies in anthropological linguistics, 6.) Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. xiii, 255. Pb $29.95.

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-618
Author(s):  
Kendall A. King
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
South America ◽  
Keen Interest ◽  
Anthropological Linguistics ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
History And Literature ◽  
William Rowe ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
Oxford University Press

This excellent collection of twelve papers is sure to be of keen interest to Andean scholars from a range of disciplines. Howard-Malverde has succeeded at two difficult tasks: compiling a substantial number of academically outstanding papers and, perhaps a greater challenge for an editor, creating a volume which reads as a coherent whole. The latter feat is even more impressive given the breadth and depth of the contributions and the varied academic backgrounds of the contributors. The volume's authors are scholars of anthropology, linguistics, history, and literature, reflecting the academic traditions of nations both in Europe and in North and South America. All but two papers were originally presented at the 1991 conference, “Textuality in Amerindian cultures,” convened by RHM and William Rowe.

Book Reviews

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-228
Author(s):  
Martin Van Bruinessen ◽  
Michael M. Gunter ◽  
Joost Jongerden ◽  
Michiel Leezenberg ◽  
Stanley Thangaraj
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
City College ◽  
Tennessee Technological University ◽  
Technological University

Michael M. Gunter (ed.), Routledge Handbook on the Kurds, London and New York: Routledge, 2019, 483 pp., (ISBN: 9781138646643). Reviewed by Martin van Bruinessen, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Kardo Bokani, Social Communication and Kurdish Political Mobilisation in Turkey, Balti, Republic of Moldova: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017, 252 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-330-33239-3) Reviewed by Michael M. Gunter, Tennessee Technological University, United States Emel Elif Tugdar & Serhun Al, eds., Comparative Kurdish Politics in the Middle East: Actors, Ideas, and Interests, Cham: Palgrave-MacMillan, 2018, pp. 235, (ISBN: 978-3319537146) Reviewed by Joost Jongerden, Wageningen University, The Netherlands Christoph Markiewicz, The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam: Persian Emigres and the Making of Ottoman Sovereignty, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 364 pp, (9781108684842). Reviewed by Michiel Leezenberg, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Thomas Schmidinger, The Battle for the Mountain of the Kurds: Self-Determination and Ethnic Cleansing in the Afrin Region of Rojava, Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2019, 192 pp. (ISBN: 978-1629636511). Reviewed by Stanley Thangaraj, City College of New York, United States

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