scholarly journals Gra bliskości czy obcości

2021 ◽  
pp. 349-359
Author(s):  
Jarosław Poliszczuk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
The World

Mykhailo Nayenko’s book of memoirs Озон зарубіжжя (Ozone of Abroad) is about author’s journeys to different countries and cultures. Mykhailo Nayenko is a well-known professor, who runs literary researches from the early 1980th for today. The book presented in the review, shows how academic landscape of Ukraine and Eastern Europe was changing after the collapse of Soviet Union. We can also notice some changes in author’s consciousness too as he tried to find his own place in the world without strict borders, in the conditions of free thoughts and possibility of speaking without censorship.

Efficiency vs. Equality and the Demise of Socialism

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Hardin
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World

One of my fellow graduate students at MIT had access to the Pentagon Papers at a time when they were still classified, and he was writing a dissertation on aspects of the American involvement in Vietnam. One morning over breakfast he discovered that he had been preempted by the New York Times. Every scholar recently working on the Soviet Union, China, and Eastern Europe must understand that student’s sensation that morning. By now, they must face newspapers with a mixture of hope and foreboding. Events outrun the most radical predictions. Not only has the Wall crumbled, with pieces of it being sold as souvenirs, but Albania has established telephone connections to the world not long after westerners came to believe Albania had been the only nation in modem times to succeed in disappearing.

The Sixth World Congress of Sociology

1966 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-240
Author(s):  
Ansu K. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
World Congress ◽  
International Sociological Association ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Communist Countries

This year the World Congress was attended by large delegations from Eastern Europe, and 88 from the Soviet Union alone. Some of these could speak English and French, and could thus exchange experiences and opinions outside the conference rooms. The new interest of Communist countries in the International Sociological Association and its activities was appropriately reflected in the election of a Polish sociologist as President of the next World Congress.

The Balance of Power in The World in March 1939

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-118
Author(s):  
Martin Wight
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Western Democracy ◽  
The World ◽  
Perceived Security ◽  
Triangular Relationship

This essay surveys the political fluidity and antagonism in the triangular relationship among the main power groupings in March 1939—the Soviet Union, the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan), and the Western Powers (Britain and France above all). Rather than focusing on their military capabilities and combat options, the essay concentrates on the ideas expressed in each camp—in the Western Powers, interest in the rule of law and constitutionalism; in the Axis Powers, ambitions for territorial acquisitions and increased might; and in the Soviet Union, the Marxist-Leninist revolutionary vision. In conjunction with this three-cornered dialogue, the essay examines factors in addition to ideas that influenced decision-making, including greed, coercion, resentments, power pressures, national egoisms, dependence on allies, and perceived security imperatives. Three combinations were hypothetically possible: a Nazi–Soviet alliance, a Soviet–Western alliance, or a Nazi–Western alliance. In August 1939, Nazi Germany offered the Soviet Union a non-aggression pact that enabled Moscow to seize territories in Eastern Europe and to limit its immediate involvement in combat. Nazi Germany’s attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 brought about a Soviet–Western alliance determined to defeat the Axis, despite the chasm between Soviet totalitarianism and Western democracy.

scholarly journals The role of the Hygiene Department of Stephen Bathory University in the development and promotion of Public Health in Vilnius in the years 1922–1939

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 51-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aistis Žalnora ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Social Hygiene ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The University

Objective: During the interwar period, the healthcare system in Europe experienced a dramatic transformation. It was perceived that preventive medicine was no less important than curative medicine. Moreover, without proper prevention of the so-called social diseases, all later therapeutic measures were expensive and ineffective. The former battle against the consequences was replaced by measures targeting the causes. The fight against social diseases involved a state-owned strategy and a broad arsenal of measures. The University’s scholars also took part in this process. Our study revealed that the significance of the disease prevention in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Stephen Bathory was well understood. Moreover, the treatment was not segregated from hygiene as strictly as it is today. Many hygienists as well as clinicians contributed to the development of preventive mechanisms. The broad specialization of doctors enabled them to see not only biomedical, but also social and economic aspects of a disease. Hygienists and doctors encouraged cooperation and coordination of their activities with the central and local authorities as well as education of the local population. The progress of medical science in Europe and the World, as well as the Soviet ideology in Eastern Europe distracted doctors from the search for the etiology of social illness. Biomedical treatment had become much more effective, and the development of social hygiene research in Eastern Europe had experienced stagnation. For ideological reasons the disease etiology in the Soviet bloc could not be associated with social factors. Social hygiene in the Soviet Union was highly politicized; it could only be interpreted in a frame of Soviet models. The healthcare system that had been created in the Soviet Union was named as the best in the world. The actual medical statistics were concealed from the public, since their logical interpretation could reveal the social causes of illnesses and the disadvantages of the soviet system. Sometimes we must return to basic ideas to improve current public health mechanisms. It is worth reconsidering fundamental questions, i.e. what public health is and how to achieve it. The breadth of the approach of the interwar Vilnius hygienists and doctors, the sensitivity to the social origins of diseases and persistence in combating them by all possible means could serve as an example for today’s doctors. At that time, hygienists approached the idea that the highest goal of prevention was to create a healthy environment, healthy living and working conditions. Although today we live in a much safer environment than those individuals did, new threats are emerging because of changing technology and lifestyle. The broad approach of physicians remains equally important in order not only to combat individual precedents, but also to overcome the preconditions for emerging precedents. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the theoretical patterns of hygiene and public health established by the hygienists of the Vilnius Hygiene Department as well as the attempts to apply them in practice. Methods: The study was conducted by analyzing the primary and secondary historical sources using the comparative method. A lot of data from the Lietuvos Centrinis Valstybės Archyvas (Lithuanian Central State Archives) that had been used in this research were published for the first time. According to the original archival data, an analysis of the scientific publications of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Stephen Bathory was made to find out the priorities of the research carried out at that time. Conclusions: The complicated economic conditions, the lack of support from the local and central government as well as the imperfections in health legislation of that time hindered the full implementation of the hygienist strategies of the University of Stephen Bathory. However, the activities of the Department of Hygiene of Stephen Bathory University had a significant impact on the development of hygiene science as well as medical practice in the Vilnius region during the Interwar period (1919–1939).

The world bank in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kemal Derviş ◽  
Marcelo Selowsky ◽  
Christine I. Wallich
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

Swimming Against the Tide: Implications for Cuba of Soviet and Eastern European Reforms in Foreign Economic Relations

1991 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge F. Perez-Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Political System ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Central Planning ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World

Since mid-1989, remarkable political and economic changes have occurred in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Although the countries differ with regard to the scope, speed, and sequence of these changes, in the economic arena the objective is, in all cases, to abandon traditional central planning and replace it with a market economy. An integral component of these efforts to establish markets is the reform of foreign economic relations and greater involvement in the world economy.While a tide of political and economic change has swept the East, Cuba has adamantly held on to a one-party political system and to orthodox central planning.

The United States and Eastern Europe in 1945: A Reassessment

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Trachtenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
American Government ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter examines the policies pursued by the American government to deal with the problem of Eastern Europe in 1945. At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union, it was said, sought to communize eastern Europe; the western powers, and especially the United States, were deeply opposed to that policy; and the clash that developed played the key role in triggering the Cold War. But historians in recent years have been moving away from that sort of interpretation. American policy is also being seen in a new light by many historians. Increasingly the argument seems to be that U.S. leaders in 1945 did not really care much about eastern Europe—that their commitment to representative government in that region was surprisingly thin and that by the end of 1945 they had more or less come to the conclusion that the sort of political system the Soviets were setting up in that part of the world was something the United States could live with.

Early Warning, Ethnopolitical Conflicts, and the United Nations: Assessing the Violence in Georgia/Abkhazia*

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-213
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Alexseev
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
The World ◽  
Collapse Of Communism

The collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was accompanied by ethnopolitical conflicts that erupted “with unusual cruelty and violence” but without much warning and were soon recognized as a major threat to peace, security, and development in the post-Cold War era. Can one be alerted to the Nagorno-Karabakhs, Bosnias, Rwandas, and Tajikistans of the world—in time to take decisive preventive action?

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