How Firms Relate to Their Markets: An Empirical Examination of Contemporary Marketing Practices

2002 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole E. Coviello ◽  
Roderick J. Brodie ◽  
Peter J. Danaher ◽  
Wesley J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Service Firms ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Consumer Services ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Business To Business

The authors examine 308 firms in the United States and four other Western countries to understand how different types of firms relate to their markets. Comparative analysis shows that though there is some support for consumer and goods firms being more transactional and business and service firms being more relational, there are many exceptions. The results also show that firms can be grouped into those whose marketing practices are predominantly transactional, predominantly relational, or a transactional/relational hybrid. Each group constitutes approximately one-third of the sample and includes all types of firms (consumer goods, consumer services, business-to-business goods, and business-to-business services). This suggests that marketing practices are pluralistic and managerial practice has not shifted from transactional to relational approaches per se.

How to Limit Accommodations

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Michael A. Helfand
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Strategy ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Religious Accommodation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Government Interests ◽  
The Right ◽  
Religious Accommodations

In recent years, the United States has seen a resurgence of debates over the propriety of various religious accommodations afforded religious individuals and institutions from otherwise valid laws. The crumbling consensus over religious accommodations appears largely due to growing skepticism over whether religious accommodations, once granted, can be limited to the “right” kind of cases without bleeding into the “wrong” kind of cases. Some courts and scholars have responded to these growing worries by proposing limits on the scope of legally recognized accommodationist claims; for example, some have argued that commercial entities should, per se, be denied claims for religious accommodation and others have argued that claims for accommodation should not be granted where the theological burden is deemed by a court to be de minimis or non-existent. By limiting the types of recognized accommodationist claims, such arguments hope to prevent religious objections from trumping other important rights and values; if the claims never get off the ground, so the logic goes, there is no need to worry about their potential consequences. This tactic, however, stands on dangerous footing. At bottom, such arguments put government in the position of giving unequal weight and credence to claims for accommodation based upon religious and theological criteria, thereby creating inequalities among religious claims. As an alternative strategy, courts should avoid threshold doctrinal tests for accommodation claims; instead courts should explicitly balance religious claims against important government interests in order to determine whether or not to grant an accommodation. Such an alternative approach pulls courts out of the business of distinguishing between different types of religious claims, encouraging them instead to impose limits on religious accommodation by directly considering governmental interests, precisely the type of inquiry courts are well-equipped to address.

Comparative analysis of the trade policy of Barack Obama and Donald Trump

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
V. Iordanova ◽  
A. Ananev
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Barack Obama ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Entire World

The authors of this scientific article conducted a comparative analysis of the trade policy of US presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The article states that the tightening of trade policy by the current President is counterproductive and has a serious impact not only on the economic development of the United States, but also on the entire world economy as a whole.

Situational Breakdowns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Nassauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.

scholarly journals Assessing the Risk of Democratic Reversal in the United States: A Reply to Kurt Weyland

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Matias López ◽  
Juan Pablo Luna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Boolean Algebra ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Institutional Dynamics ◽  
The Public ◽  
Original Analysis ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT By replying to Kurt Weyland’s (2020) comparative study of populism, we revisit optimistic perspectives on the health of American democracy in light of existing evidence. Relying on a set-theoretical approach, Weyland concludes that populists succeed in subverting democracy only when institutional weakness and conjunctural misfortune are observed jointly in a polity, thereby conferring on the United States immunity to democratic reversal. We challenge this conclusion on two grounds. First, we argue that the focus on institutional dynamics neglects the impact of the structural conditions in which institutions are embedded, such as inequality, racial cleavages, and changing political attitudes among the public. Second, we claim that endogeneity, coding errors, and the (mis)use of Boolean algebra raise questions about the accuracy of the analysis and its conclusions. Although we are skeptical of crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis as an adequate modeling choice, we replicate the original analysis and find that the paths toward democratic backsliding and continuity are both potentially compatible with the United States.

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