Courting Customers: Assessing Consumer Racial Profiling and other Marketplace Discrimination

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie G. Harris ◽  
Geraldine R. Henderson ◽  
Jerome D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Racial Profiling ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Service Degradation ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Consumer Discrimination

Through an examination of 81 federal court decisions made between 1990 and 2002 involving customers’ allegations of race and/or ethnic discrimination, the authors uncover three emergent dimensions of discrimination: (1) the type of alleged discrimination (subtle or overt), (2) the level of service (degradation or denial), and (3) the existence of criminal suspicion in the alleged discriminatory conduct (present or absent). Using a framework that enables the categorization and aggregation of cases with common themes, the authors demonstrate that real and perceived consumer discrimination remains a problem in the U.S. marketplace, and they conclude that further research is necessary for marketers to address the issue effectively.

scholarly journals Under the Law: Gary B., Espinoza, and the fight for school funding

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-50
Author(s):  
Robert Kim
Keyword(s):  
School Funding ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Religious Schools ◽  
School Students ◽  
Public School Students ◽  
Circuit Court ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
The U.S

A pair of recent federal court decisions could have profound consequences for school funding across the country. In the first, Gary B. v. Whitmer, the Sixth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of seven Detroit, Michigan, public school students who argued that their schools were so woefully underfunded as to deny them the opportunity to become fully literate, which is essential to the exercise of fundamental rights under the U.S. Constitution. In the second, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Montana could not block parents from using the state’s education tax-credit program to pay for tuition at private religious schools.

Waldpolitischer Jahresrückblick 2014

2015 ◽  
Vol 166 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-245
Author(s):  
Willi Zimmermann ◽  
Kathrin Steinmann ◽  
Eva Lieberherr
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Forest Law ◽  
Council Of State

Annual review of Swiss forest policy 2014 Swiss forest policy in 2014 was marked by the passage of the Federal Council's message and draft of an amendment of the Forest Law, which was also treated by the Council of State's Commission for Environment, Spatial Planning and Energy and by the Council of State itself. This revision affects more than 20 articles of the current Forest Law. Despite these numerous alterations, the revision has not caused major debates. The forest-relevant parliamentary interventions decreased drastically in 2014, but since the beginning of 2015 a countertrend is notable. The forest budget remained practically the same as in previous years. The number of federal court decisions in relation to the forest sector has stayed small. Yet there are increasingly significant cantonal court decisions in this domain. In terms of broader forest policy, the public administration has mainly undertaken new standpoints regarding spatial planning and energy policies.

Waldpolitischer Jahresrückblick 2011

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (5) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willi Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Forest Policy ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Large Carnivores ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Government ◽  
European Forest ◽  
Forest Legislation ◽  
Forest Act

Annual review of Swiss forest policy 2011 The revision of the Forest Act, the adoption of the Forest Programme 2020 by the Federal Council as well as the preparation of the second contribution period of the New System of Financial Equalisation and Division of Tasks between the Confederation and the Cantons (NFE) shaped, in addition to the routine business, the forest policy of 2011. The parliamentary initiatives on forest and forest policy issues remained of about the same amount as in previous years, while the Federal Court decisions on forest legislation have declined significantly. In various forest-related sectoral policies, the government and parliament made important decisions. In climate policy, the Parliament adopted the CO2 Law. However, this has not yet happened to the revision of the Spatial Planning Act. In nature and landscape policy, the administration has prepared the Swiss biodiversity strategy so far that the Federal Council could send it out for consultation. The revision of the Hunting Regulation, with changes in the management of large carnivores, is nearing adoption. At the international level, the Federal Council has submitted the European Landscape Convention to the Parliament for ratification, and the European forestry ministers have agreed to the preparation of a European Forest Convention.

scholarly journals Traffic Rerouting Strategy against Jamming Attacks in WSNs for Microgrid

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 234029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujin Lim ◽  
Hak-Man Kim ◽  
Tetsuo Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Jamming Attacks ◽  
Jamming Attack ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Multiple Paths ◽  
Service Degradation ◽  
Conventional Scheme

In a microgrid as an energy infrastructure, the vulnerability against jamming attacks is fatal. Thus, the ability to deal with jamming attacks and maintain an acceptable level of service degradation in presence of the attacks is needed. To solve the problem, we propose a traffic rerouting scheme in wireless communication infrastructure for islanded microgrid. We determine disjoint multiple paths as candidates of a detour path and then select the detour path among the candidates in order to reduce the effect of jamming attack and distribute traffic flows on different detour paths. Through performance comparison, we show that our scheme outperforms a conventional scheme in terms of packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.

scholarly journals Ewolucja instytucji sędziów pokoju w Stanach Zjednoczonych

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Ewa Gmurzyńska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Justices Of The Peace ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The U.S

<p class="Normalny1">This article presents a history and development of the institution of justices of the peace in the United States from the beginning of formation of American democracy until modern times. It presents jurisdiction, the scope of the activities and the role of justices of the peace in several states through different periods of times. It includes a thorough discussion concerning pros and cons of justices of the peace in the U.S. legal system and general tendency of declining the institution of justices of the peace in modern times. The article includes also a discussion of the major court decisions concerning justices of the peace.</p>

scholarly journals In the Beginning There Was None: Supreme Court Review of State Criminal Prosecutions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Structural Relationship ◽  
State Court ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Court System ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Federal Judiciary ◽  
Federal Jurisdiction ◽  
In The Beginning

This Article challenges the unquestioned assumption of all contemporary scholars of federal jurisdiction that section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 authorized Supreme Court appellate review of state criminal prosecutions. Section 25 has long been thought to be one of the most important provisions of the most important jurisdictional statute enacted by Congress. The Judiciary Act of 1789 gave concrete institutional shape to a federal judiciary only incompletely defined by Article III. And section 25 supplied a key piece of the structural relationship between the previously existing state court systems and the new federal court system that Congress constructed with the Act. It provided for Supreme Court appellate review of certain state court decisions denying the federal-law-based rights of certain litigants.

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