III. Exploitation and the Rate of Surplus Value Appendix: Stalin's Views on the Law of Value

1982 ◽  
pp. 88-94
Keyword(s):  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-203
Author(s):  
Nuno Miguel Cardoso Machado

Abstract Marx's theory of crisis is usually associated with the law of the tendential fall in the rate of profit presented in volume three of Capital. According to Marx, the rising organic composition of capital - the fact that variable capital grows in absolute terms, but falls relatively because of the faster growth of constant capital - results in the fall of the general rate of profit, which undermines the reproduction of capital. In this article I will argue that: i) there is a "first version" of Marx's theory of crisis, outlined especially in the Grundrisse, which ascribes the secular crisis of the capitalist economy to the absolute decline of living labour and, therefore, to the falling mass of socially produced surplus-value; ii) only this "first version" of the theory of crisis allows the absolute internal limit of capital to be deduced consistently.


Capital ◽  
2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Marx
Keyword(s):  
The Law ◽  

I. General We have seen in the first part of this book that the rate of profit expresses the rate of surplus-value always lower than it actually is. We have just seen that even a rising rate of surplus-value has a tendency to express itself...


2021 ◽  
pp. 030981682110615
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Nagatani

In the wake of Böhm-Bawerk’s criticism that Marx’s law of value runs contrary to empirical facts, Marxian economics has developed mainly in two different directions: one based on the simple commodity production and the other on the mathematical identity of value with prices of production (the transformation problem). The author agrees with neither, arguing that Marx intended to base the law of value on the production process of capital, as in Capital Volume 1, independently of Capital Volume 3. However, the notion of this process and the law of value have not been sufficiently explained in Volume 1. Marx presents the value of a commodity as socially necessary labour objectified in Chapter 1 on the commodity, and later applies this rule to capitalist commodity products in Chapter 7. Pointing out the defects of this method, this article relocates the presentation of the dual nature of labour to the Labour Process (Chapter 7, Section 1), and the proof of the substance of value or the law of value to the Valorization Process (Chapter 7, Section 2). The Labour Process plays a key role in Volume 1, but it contains a fatal flaw. Consequently, Section 2 ends up with insufficient explanation. By reconstructing the Labour Process and the Process of Creating Value and Surplus value, the author confirms the meaning and reality of the law of value in Chapter 7, Section 2.


2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Dyzenhaus

AbstractI argue that process and substance are two aspects of the public law form and that the form conditions the content of the law. The reduction of a political programme to the explicit terms of a statute involves a conversion of policy into public standards, which produces a kind of legal surplus value. It brings into being a particular type of public standard – one that permits the operation of the principles identified by Lon L. Fuller as the desiderata of the inner morality of law, and which enables individual claims of right based on legal principle to be adjudicated.


2020 ◽  
pp. 096466392095253
Author(s):  
Gunther Teubner

The article rebuts the primacy of economic profit in advanced capitalist societies, and submits that the imperative to extract surplus value governs also the law and other social domains and is not merely a product of economic forces. Not only the economy but also the law and other function systems force each of their operations to generate a specific surplus value – but now explicitly non-monetary – beyond its immediate production of meaning. The object of the surplus orientation is the system’s own communication medium – power, truth/reputation, money, and juridical authority. The success of surplus pressures is responsible for the immensely productive forces unleashed in capitalism. However, they demonstrate an excessive ambivalence: immense productivity and its destructive dark side. Similar to the monetary profit pressure in the economy, (auto- and hetero-) destructive tendencies of non-monetary surplus pressures have multiplied in the law and in other areas of life. Political-legal counterstrategies combating the negative side of diverse societal surplus productions could be inspired from Karl Polanyi’s famous concept of false commodities and their replacement by non-market institutions.


2019 ◽  
pp. 15-35
Author(s):  
David Harvey

David Harvey apresenta uma crítica à importância dada à lei da queda tendencial da taxa de lucro, sugerindo que Marx derivou a “lei” de pressupostos “draconianos” e que Engels foi bem mais entusiasta dela do que Marx, que nunca voltou adiante à teoria apesar de sua evidente incompletude. Portanto, ele argumenta, não deveríamos levar suas conclusões teóricas muito longe. Em sua visão, Marx concebeu as crises como erupções momentâneas e violentas que resolviam as contradições existentes, que podem ser consideradas oportunidades para a reconstrução capitalista ao invés de um sinal do fim eminente do capitalismo. Harvey defende que a taxa de lucro pode ser estabilizada por uma variedade de fatores como uma desvalorização do capital constante devido à mudança tecnológica, a monopolização ou a aceleração do tempo de rotação tanto na produção como na circulação. Ele argumenta, ainda, que um aumento da produtividade que não seja associado a perdas de emprego não reduziria a produção de mais-valia. Ademais, uma queda nas taxas de lucro pode resultar de muitos outros motivos além do aumento da composição orgânica do capital. ABSTRACTDavid Harvey’s article argues against the importance given to the law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall (TRPF), suggesting that Marx derived the “law” under “draconian” assumptions and that Engels was far more enthusiastic about it than Marx, who never went back to the theory later in his life despite its evident incompleteness. Therefore, he argues, we should not take his theoretical conclusions too far. In his view, Marx perceived crises as momentary and violent eruptions that resolve the existing contradictions which can be considered as opportunities of capitalist reconstruction rather than a sign of the imminent end of capitalism. Harvey argues that the rate of profit can be stabilized by a variety of factors such as a devaluation of the existing constant capital due to technical change, monopolization, or accelerating turnover times in both production and circulation. He argues, moreover, that a productivity increase that is not associated with job losses would not reduce surplus value production. Moreover, a fall in profit rates could result from a number of reasons rather than an increase in the organic composition of capital. Tradução: Cássio Arruda Boechat ([email protected])


Author(s):  
B. V. Podoroga ◽  

The purpose of this article is to present history of memory techniques as it described by French philosopher Bernard Stiegler. It is shown that Stiegler speaks from the point of view of humanistic marxism arguing that the positive development of mnemotechnics is determined by their integration into symbolic relations, outside of which they becomes a means of consumer capitalism. History of mnemotechnics is divided on two large periods — preindustrial and industrial, where the former is determined by the dominance of religion, politics and culture, and the latter — by the law of surplus value. It is analyzed Stiegler’s understanding of mnemotechnics as «epiphylogenesis» or «third memory». The main features of mnemotechnical evolution, from the first inscriptions on stone tools to today’s global digital retentional apparatus, is reviewed


2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Leslie ◽  
Mary Casper

“My patient refuses thickened liquids, should I discharge them from my caseload?” A version of this question appears at least weekly on the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's Community pages. People talk of respecting the patient's right to be non-compliant with speech-language pathology recommendations. We challenge use of the word “respect” and calling a patient “non-compliant” in the same sentence: does use of the latter term preclude the former? In this article we will share our reflections on why we are interested in these so called “ethical challenges” from a personal case level to what our professional duty requires of us. Our proposal is that the problems that we encounter are less to do with ethical or moral puzzles and usually due to inadequate communication. We will outline resources that clinicians may use to support their work from what seems to be a straightforward case to those that are mired in complexity. And we will tackle fears and facts regarding litigation and the law.


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