The reality of the law of value

In the wake of Böhm-Bawerk’s criticism that Marx’s law of value runs contrary to empirical facts, Marxian economics has developed mainly in two different directions: one based on the simple commodity production and the other on the mathematical identity of value with prices of production (the transformation problem). The author agrees with neither, arguing that Marx intended to base the law of value on the production process of capital, as in Capital Volume 1, independently of Capital Volume 3. However, the notion of this process and the law of value have not been sufficiently explained in Volume 1. Marx presents the value of a commodity as socially necessary labour objectified in Chapter 1 on the commodity, and later applies this rule to capitalist commodity products in Chapter 7. Pointing out the defects of this method, this article relocates the presentation of the dual nature of labour to the Labour Process (Chapter 7, Section 1), and the proof of the substance of value or the law of value to the Valorization Process (Chapter 7, Section 2). The Labour Process plays a key role in Volume 1, but it contains a fatal flaw. Consequently, Section 2 ends up with insufficient explanation. By reconstructing the Labour Process and the Process of Creating Value and Surplus value, the author confirms the meaning and reality of the law of value in Chapter 7, Section 2.

The Legal Protection Against Child Marriage in Indonesia

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p class="AbstractText">Every child is a human being who possesses the right to justice, freedom, and opportunity to develop regardless of nationality, race, religion, or skin complexion. These rights of children are guaranteed by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, its reality indicates otherwise, as children are often the victims of exploitation. One of the worst such kinds of child exploitation is child marriage. This study aims to analyze the legal protection against child marriage in Indonesia. This research is conducted through the normative analysis of various written sources. This study concludes that the Indonesian Child's Act even has a provision that stipulates the obligation of parents to prevent early marriages. However, that the law is somewhat effective in Indonesia. Unfortunately, the fatal flaw is the low-threshold provision that enables parents to request dispensation for early marriage. This shatters all the efforts to eliminate child marriage. Thus far, the Indonesian Government also has shown its reluctance to ever amend discriminatory provisions in the Indonesian Marriage Act related to the practice of child marriage despite numerous recommendations from the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

Sincerity and the Limits of Symbolism

Whereas some religiously themed puppet or otherwise “popular” productions were overwhelmingly successful with Parisian critics and audiences, Maurice Bouchor and Ernest Chausson’s La Légende de Sainte-Cécile and, later, the Théâtre du Vaudeville’s unsuccessful production of Armand Silvestre and Eugène Morand’s Les Drames sacrés (with music by Charles Gounod) were colossal failures both with the critics and with the public by virtue of their dependence on editorial intervention as a means through which to modernize ancient stories. In these cases, critics indicted the works as insincere—a fatal flaw when it came to the representation of sacred subjects on secular stages. Through analyses of these short works, this chapter examines how each work navigated the slippage between avant-garde aesthetics and Catholic tradition and reveals two opposite but closely related processes of critical success and failure: while successful works eschewed the intellectual aura of Symbolism in favor of traditional and “sincere” engagements with Catholic heritage, these failed productions embraced the complexities of modern music and drama—authorial decisions that, in the end, rendered them insincere for Parisian audiences and thus incapable of being perceived as truly religious.

An Inquisition for Propaganda and Mass Deception: Deposing the Neolithic Mind

Human language harbors a mechanical aberration, leaving human communication vulnerable to manipulation. Mass deception is the systematic exploitation of this linguistic glitch, the agency of which is premeditated indoctrination. Its influence over human thought and behavior is rooted in the phenomenon of the tribal mind, an unconscious collective ego predisposed to propaganda. In its early modern iterations, Eddie Bernays heralded propaganda as an efficient way to establish shared understanding between an individual and established information that this individual encounters. Communicating to the masses was seen as a means of educating the masses, and this was celebrated. Now, though, inside the utter profusion of multifaceted information, propaganda’s bearing in mass communication cannot be ignored as a contaminant at its source. The challenge is the ease with which intra-action can be subtly systematized, around an insidious fatal flaw.

Exercise of Civil-Law Rights: Categories in the Context of Their Digitalization

With digital rights designated to the objects of civil rights in Art. 128 of the Civil Code, Art. 141.1 amended to include their legal definition, and a new wording of Art. 309 introducing ‘smart contracts’, the digital reform recently enacted in the Russian civil law has seen some major novelties. Needless to say, these accomplishments have challenged Russian civil law theorists. Discussions are underway to resolve both doctrinal and applied issues that had been more than obvious well before the legislative move which, according to one of the opinions, was an ‘admissible’ experiment. What remains now is to assess its viability. The author of this work set the goal to explore the way digital rights, primarily those that arise from ‘smart-contracts’, are (or can be) ‘exercised’. This is a perspective where a fundamental gap between ‘smart-contract’ and civil contract emerges. In the author’s view, efforts to overcome it by expanding the concept of subjective rights and the principles of contract law will not succeed. Since no proper verification of the interests of the parties to ‘smart contracts’, which are essentially a computer code, is available, and as the same refers to linguistic verification of their will, there is no way for ‘smart contracts’ to enter the domain of law. Digital ‘contracts’ are unapt to honour the principle of contractual equilibrium. The ‘self-execution’ of these contracts, as well as their inherent inability to be violated, are, if put in the civilistic context, their fatal flaw, and by no means a virtue. The article also shows that though instruments to ensure a relative irreversibility of rights are not unfamiliar to private law, they cannot serve as an excuse for such regime in contract obligations. That fixation of rights and transactions in digital form has become fully enshrined in the civil law is arguably the only compatible with its principles as well as much anticipated impact the digital reform has brought about.

Research progress on the drug resistance of ALK kinase inhibitors

Background: The fusion and rearrangement of the ALK gene of anaplastic lymphoma kinase is an important cause of a variety of cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Since crizotinib first came out, many ALK inhibitors have come out one after another, but the fatal flaw in each generation of ALK inhibitors is the body's resistance to drugs. Therefore, how to solve the problem of drug resistance has become an important bottleneck in the application and development of ALK inhibitors. This article briefly introduces the drug resistance of ALK inhibitors and the modified forms of ALK inhibitors, which provide a theoretical basis for solving the drug resistance of ALK inhibitors and the development of a new generation of ALK kinase inhibitors. Method: We use relevant databases to query relevant literature, and then screen and select based on the relevance and cutting edge of the content. We then summarize and analyze appropriate articles, integrate and classify relevant studies, and finally write articles based on topics. Result: This article starts with the problem of ALK resistance, first introduces the composition of ALK kinase, and then introduces the problem of resistance of ALK kinase inhibitors. Later, the structural modification to overcome ALK resistance was introduced, and finally, the method to overcome ALK resistance was introduced. Conclusion: This article summarizes the resistance pathways of ALK kinase inhibitors, and integrates the efforts made to overcome the structural modification of ALK resistance problems, and hopes to provide some inspiration for the development of the next generation of ALK kinase inhibitors.

2019 Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Mitigating a fatal flaw in modern geomechanics: understanding uncertainty, applying model calibration, and defying the hubris in numerical modelling

This paper has been written to achieve two objectives. The first objective is to provide a discussion of the practical limitations of numerical modelling in the field of geomechanical engineering. Too many discussions of numerical methods in geomechanical engineering are centered on the impressive ability of numerical tools to conduct complex and sophisticated analyses with relative ease and efficiency. Practitioners need to have grounded conversations of numerical modelling regarding the reality that geomechanical designs are often data limited with high degrees of uncertainty. When data limits and uncertainty are overlooked, geomechanical engineers are at risk of introducing unforeseen fatal flaws into engineering design. The second objective is to provide ‘how to’ guidelines for model calibration using a variety of data types to qualify and quantify ground reaction. Model calibration is truly the only means to reduce numerical uncertainties. Formal training in numerical modelling is often focused on software utilization and computational methods; however, there are few opportunities for formal training on how to calibrate a model for practical engineering applications. This paper provides guidelines for calibration methods and procedures.

The specter of Manaus: the risks of a rapid return to pre-pandemic conditions after COVID-19 vaccine rollout

The development and deployment of several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a little over a year is an unprecedented achievement of modern medicine. The high levels of efficacy against transmission for some of these vaccines makes it feasible to use them to suppress SARS-CoV-2 altogether in regions with high vaccine acceptance. However, viral variants with reduced susceptibility to vaccinal and natural immunity threaten the utility of vaccines, particularly in scenarios where a return to pre-pandemic conditions occurs before the suppression of SARS- CoV-2 transmission. In this work we model the situation in the United States at present, to demonstrate how the P.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2 can cause a rebound wave of COVID-19 in a matter of months, similar to what happened in Manaus at the beginning of this year. A high burden of morbidity (and likely mortality) remains possible, even if the vaccine is partially effective against new variants and widely accepted. Our modeling suggests that variants that are already present within the population may be capable of quickly defeating the vaccines as a public health intervention, a fatal flaw in strategies that emphasize rapid reopening before achieving control of SARS-CoV-2.

Exploring the Interdependence Theory of Complementarity with Case Studies. Autonomous Human–Machine Teams (A-HMTs)

Rational models of human behavior aim to predict, possibly control, humans. There are two primary models, the cognitive model that treats behavior as implicit, and the behavioral model that treats beliefs as implicit. The cognitive model reigned supreme until reproducibility issues arose, including Axelrod’s prediction that cooperation produces the best outcomes for societies. In contrast, by dismissing the value of beliefs, predictions of behavior improved dramatically, but only in situations where beliefs were suppressed, unimportant, or in low risk, highly certain environments, e.g., enforced cooperation. Moreover, rational models lack supporting evidence for their mathematical predictions, impeding generalizations to artificial intelligence (AI). Moreover, rational models cannot scale to teams or systems, which is another flaw. However, the rational models fail in the presence of uncertainty or conflict, their fatal flaw. These shortcomings leave rational models ill-prepared to assist the technical revolution posed by autonomous human–machine teams (A-HMTs) or autonomous systems. For A-HMT teams, we have developed the interdependence theory of complementarity, largely overlooked because of the bewilderment interdependence causes in the laboratory. Where the rational model fails in the face of uncertainty or conflict, interdependence theory thrives. The best human science teams are fully interdependent; intelligence has been located in the interdependent interactions of teammates, and interdependence is quantum-like. We have reported in the past that, facing uncertainty, human debate exploits the interdependent bistable views of reality in tradeoffs seeking the best path forward. Explaining uncertain contexts, which no single agent can determine alone, necessitates that members of A-HMTs express their actions in causal terms, however imperfectly. Our purpose in this paper is to review our two newest discoveries here, both of which generalize and scale, first, following new theory to separate entropy production from structure and performance, and second, discovering that the informatics of vulnerability generated during competition propels evolution, invisible to the theories and practices of cooperation.