Subject Compounding and a Functional Change of the Derivational Suffix -ing in the History of English

Background. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of decompensated cirrhosis with increased mortality. Traditional biomarkers such as serum creatinine are not sensitive for detecting injury without functional change. We hypothesize that urinary exosomes potentially carry markers that differentiate the type of kidney injury in cirrhotic patients. Methods. This is a prospective, single-center, and observational study of adult patients with cirrhosis. The patient groups included healthy normal controls, compensated cirrhosis with normal kidney function, decompensated cirrhosis with normal kidney function, and decompensated cirrhosis with AKI. Data were extracted from the electronic health record including etiology of liver disease, MELD score, history of decompensation, Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, history of AKI, and medication exposures. Urine samples were collected at the time of consent. Urine exosome protein content was analyzed, and proteomic data were validated by immunoblotting. Statistical analysis included partial least squares-discriminant analysis coupled with variable importance in projection identification. Results. Eighteen cirrhotic subjects were enrolled, and six healthy control subjects were extracted from our biorepository. Urine exosomes were isolated, and 1572 proteins were identified. Maltase-glucoamylase was the top discriminating protein confirmed by western blotting. Conclusions. Patients with cirrhosis and AKI have upregulation of renal brush border disaccharidase, MGAM, in urinary exosomes which may differentiate the type of kidney injury in cirrhosis; however, the clinical significance of this requires further validation.

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Saami -(š)goahti inchoatives: their variation, history, and suggested cognates in Veps and Mordvin

Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja ◽

10.33340/susa.75718 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (97) ◽

Author(s):

Juha Kuokkala

Keyword(s):

Previous Literature ◽

Critical Survey ◽

History Of ◽

To Come ◽

Areal Variation ◽

Derivational Suffix

The purpose of this article is twofold: first, to give an overview of the morphological and areal variation of the Saami deverbal inchoative suffixes (North Saami -goahti- and -šgoahti-), and second, to give an updated account of the history of said suffixes. To achieve the latter, a critical survey is made of previous literature dealing with these Saami suffixes as well as the phonetically and semantically similar derivational suffixes in Mordvin (Erzya -kado-, -gado-) and in Veps and Ludic (-gande-, -škande- ~ -gade-, -škade-). Several kinds of etymological cognate or loan relations between these suffixes have been posited. In the present paper, however, it is argued that the Saami -goahti- suffix is not related to other Uralic suffixes, but instead results from the affixation of an independent verb (North Saami boahtit ‘to come’). The -š- element attaching to the suffix is explained as a remnant of another derivational suffix still found as an independent inchoative marker -ahtja- present from South Saami up to Lule Saami.

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On the role of grammaticalization (recategorization) in the origin of Manchu motion verbs

Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale ◽

10.1163/19606028-00452p01 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 113-126

Author(s):

José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente

Keyword(s):

Alternative Solution ◽

Motion Verbs ◽

Sound Changes ◽

History Of ◽

To Come ◽

Derivational Suffix

Manchu has a set of spatials (adverbs) containing the derivational suffix +si which via grammaticalization (recategorization) evolved into motion verbs, e.g. †do ‘inside’ > dosi ‘to the inside, into’ > dosi- ‘to go into, enter’. Ikegami’s suggestion concerning the origin of one of them, namely tuci- ‘to come out, exit’ < *tulĕ/ĭ-si-, from tule ‘outside’, involves unnecessary phonetic complications: fortition of *-ls- to *-lc- and cluster simplification of *-lc- to -c- are two atypical sound changes in the history of Manchu. An alternative solution is presented instead: tuci- goes back to Proto-Tungusic *turki- ‘to go out’ (unambiguous cognates in South Ewenki), showing regular -c- < *-rk-, and has no suffix whatsoever. The same alternative solution allows us to dispense with the longstanding fallacy that in Manchu the derivational suffix +si has a variant in +ci. 

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Effect of artificial dawn light on cardiovascular function, alertness, and balance in middle-aged and older adults

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa082 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Virginie Gabel ◽

Mitchell Miglis ◽

Jamie M Zeitzer

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cardiovascular Function ◽

Functional Change ◽

Cortisol Awakening Response ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Morning Cortisol ◽

History Of ◽

Overnight Stays ◽

The Brain ◽

Proper Balance

Abstract Study Objectives When arising in the morning, many older people experience dizziness and difficulty maintaining proper balance, as the cardiovascular system is not able to compensate to the postural shift (standing) and maintain sufficient blood flow to the brain. Such changes in cardiovascular function are observed in young individuals exposed to a dawn simulation light. In this study, we examined whether exposure to a dawn simulation light could impact cardiovascular function and consequent changes in balance in middle-aged and older adults. Methods Twenty-three participants (67.3 ± 8.8 y), 12 of whom reported a history of dizziness in the morning, underwent two overnight stays in our laboratory. During both nights, they slept in complete darkness, except for the last 30 minutes of one of the nights during which a dawn simulation light was used. Continuous blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored. Subjective and objective alertness, salivary cortisol, and mobile and standing balance were examined upon arising. Results Dawn simulation light decreased (33%) the amount of sleep before morning awakening, lowered BP (6.24 mmHg), and increased HR (0.93 bpm). Despite these changes in physiology, there was no significant impact of dawn simulation on subjective or objective alertness, measures of standing or ambulatory balance, morning cortisol awakening response, or cardiovascular function after awakening. Conclusion While the dawn simulation did cause an increase in wake and a change in cardiovascular function prior to morning arousal in older adults, we could find no evidence of a functional change in either cardiovascular function or balance upon standing. Clinical Trial Registered on Clinicaltrials.gov, #NCT02632318, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02632318

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