The Jiaojia Site of the Neolithic Age in Zhangqiu District, Jinan

Abstract In 2016 and 2017, rich remains of the mid and late phases of the Dawenkou Culture were found at the Jiaojia Site in Zhangqiu District, including rammed-earth walls, ditches (moats), burials, house foundations and a pottery kiln, from which pottery wares, jades, turtle shell objects and so on were unearthed. The discoveries of the rammed-earth walls, the ditches surrounding the walls and a set of high-ranking burials, plus large quantity of high-quality artifacts – jades, white pottery and color-painted pottery wares indicated that during the mid and late phases of the Dawenkou Culture, the Jiaojia Site was a large-scale settlement with the properties of the political, economic and cultural centers in the ancient Ji River valley in northern Shandong; the systematic examination and interpretation to this site will be significantly meaningful for the complete understandings to the cultural connotation, regional relationship and social nature of the Dawenkou Culture.

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The Lushanmao site of the Neolithic Age in Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province

Chinese Archaeology ◽

10.1515/char-2020-0003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 25-40

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

City Planning ◽

Capital City ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

The Core ◽

Neolithic Age ◽

Settlement Site ◽

Ritual Systems ◽

The Neolithic Age

AbstractThe Lushanmao site is a large-scale settlement site from the late Miaodigou Phase II culture to the late Longshan age located in Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province. The core zone of the settlement is on a hill ridge, on the top of which four large-sized rammed-earth platform foundations are distributed, each of which had large-sized rammed-earth architecture sites on top. On the top of the excavated Da Yingpan Liang (Large Garrison Ridge), one large courtyard and two smaller courtyards were distributed. Of them, the large courtyard was facing south, which would be the earliest palace complex in an axial symmetrical plan known to date in China, and the two smaller ones would be its guardhouses. In the large courtyard, a set of roof tiles, which would be the earliest ones known to date in China, were unearthed; and jades were also found in the rammed-earth foundation or walls. These discoveries are significantly valuable for the studies on the early capital city planning, origins, and evolutions of palaces and the developments of the early ritual systems and architectural materials of China.

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Social inequality in the evolution of human societies

Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing ◽

10.15407/sociology2019.02.098 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 98-120

Author(s):

Georgi Derluguian

Keyword(s):

Social Inequality ◽

Large Scale ◽

Human Beings ◽

Mass Violence ◽

Public And Private ◽

Tangible Assets ◽

Transition To Agriculture ◽

New Institutions ◽

High Level ◽

Political Economic

The author develops ideas about the origin of social inequality during the evolution of human societies and reflects on the possibilities of its overcoming. What makes human beings different from other primates is a high level of egalitarianism and altruism, which contributed to more successful adaptability of human collectives at early stages of the development of society. The transition to agriculture, coupled with substantially increasing population density, was marked by the emergence and institutionalisation of social inequality based on the inequality of tangible assets and symbolic wealth. Then, new institutions of warfare came into existence, and they were aimed at conquering and enslaving the neighbours engaged in productive labour. While exercising control over nature, people also established and strengthened their power over other people. Chiefdom as a new type of polity came into being. Elementary forms of power (political, economic and ideological) served as a basis for the formation of early states. The societies in those states were characterised by social inequality and cruelties, including slavery, mass violence and numerous victims. Nowadays, the old elementary forms of power that are inherent in personalistic chiefdom are still functioning along with modern institutions of public and private bureaucracy. This constitutes the key contradiction of our time, which is the juxtaposition of individual despotic power and public infrastructural one. However, society is evolving towards an ever more efficient combination of social initiatives with the sustainability and viability of large-scale organisations.

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Archaeological survey and excavation of the Mingtepa Site in Andijan Region, Uzbekistan

Chinese Archaeology ◽

10.1515/char-2019-0011 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 150-162

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Inner City ◽

Large Scale ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Archaeological Survey ◽

Ancient City ◽

City Walls ◽

Academy Of Sciences ◽

Cultural Connotations

Abstract Since 2012, the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan organized joint archaeological team and conducted five terms of archaeological survey and excavation to the Mingtepa Ancient City Site in Uzbekistan. The excavation showed that the Mingtepa Ancient City Site is a large-scale city site with nested inner and outer cities; confirmed the coexistence relationships among the architectural sites with high rammed-earth platform foundations, city walls, gates, roads and handicraft workshop remains, which are the scientific evidences for the in-depth researches on the layout and cultural connotations of the inner city; the burials found on the east wall of the outer city provided rare data of the terminus ante quem of the abandoning of the outer city.

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Design Optimisation Strategies for Solid Rammed Earth Walls in Mediterranean Climates

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14020325 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 325

Author(s):

Giada Giuffrida ◽

Maurizio Detommaso ◽

Francesco Nocera ◽

Rosa Caponetto

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Construction Material ◽

Base Material ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Embodied Energy ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Earth Construction ◽

Material Choice ◽

Earth Walls ◽

Raw Earth

The renewed attention paid to raw earth construction in recent decades is linked to its undoubted sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and low embodied energy. In Italy, the use of raw earth as a construction material is limited by the lack of a technical reference standard and is penalised by the current energy legislation for its massive behaviour. Research experiences, especially transoceanic, on highly performative contemporary buildings made with natural materials show that raw earth can be used, together with different types of reinforcements, to create safe, earthquake-resistant, and thermally efficient buildings. On the basis of experimental data of an innovative fibre-reinforced rammed earth material, energy analyses are developed on a rammed earth building designed for a Mediterranean climate. The paper focuses on the influences that different design solutions, inspired by traditional bioclimatic strategies, and various optimised wall constructions have in the improvement of the energy performance of the abovementioned building. These considerations are furthermore compared with different design criteria aiming at minimising embodied carbon in base material choice, costs, and discomfort hours. Results have shown the effectiveness of using the combination of massive rammed earth walls, night cross ventilation, and overhangs for the reduction of energy demand for space cooling and the improvement of wellbeing. Finally, the parametric analysis of thermal insulation has highlighted the economic, environmental, and thermophysical optimal solutions for the rammed earth envelope.

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Energy evaluation of rammed earth walls using long term in-situ measurements

Solar Energy ◽

10.1016/j.solener.2016.11.002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 141 ◽

pp. 70-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Lucile Soudani ◽

Monika Woloszyn ◽

Antonin Fabbri ◽

Jean-Claude Morel ◽

Anne-Cécile Grillet

Keyword(s):

In Situ Measurements ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Energy Evaluation ◽

Earth Walls

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NECESSITY, FEASIBILITY, AND CHOICE OF WAY OF INTEGRATING THE GREATER EURASIAN PARTNERSHIP AND THE INITIATIVE CALLED “ONE BELT, ONE PATH”

RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations ◽

10.28995/2686-7648-2021-1-109-116 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 109-116

Author(s):

Huirong Zhao ◽

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Large Scale ◽

People’S Republic Of China ◽

People's Republic Of China ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Eurasian Continent ◽

Large Scale Integration ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Scale Integration ◽

Political Economic

The article covers the combination of two large-scale integration projects, the Great Eurasian Partnership (Russian Federation) and the initiative called One Belt, One Path (People’s Republic of China). Following the joint statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation dated 5 June 2019, which sets out the fundamental provisions of a comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction between the two countries, the author states that the cooperation between Russia and China is conditioned by a number of the political, economic, cultural, and geographical factors; that it can bring tangible benefits not only to Moscow and Beijing, but to almost the entire Eurasian continent, as well as stabilise the global situation. However, in the process of their interaction Russia and China constantly encounter various obstacles, which manifest themselves at the bilateral, regional, and global levels and significantly slow down the implementation of joint projects, which are mutually beneficial. In this work, the author proves that the cumulative intensifying effect on the cooperation between Russia and China can be provided by the strategy of “pairing” integration projects of Russia and China, which the parties have been implementing quite consistently and steadily since 2014.

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Post-Communism's First Decade: A Primer for Non-Specialists

Canadian Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s0008423903778706 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 417-437 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Barbara J. Falk

Keyword(s):

Eastern Europe ◽

Large Scale ◽

Central And Eastern Europe ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Grand Narrative ◽

Social Experimentation ◽

Political Economic

This article examines the lessons "learned" and the legacies inherent in the downfall of authoritarian communism in central and eastern Europe in view of post-communism's first decade. It is argued that the events of 1989-1991 were revolutionary in dramatically and unexpectedly establishing new regimes and ushering in simultaneous and multilateral (political, economic, social, national) change. Furthermore, 1989-1991 represents a rejection of "grand narrative" large-scale social experimentation in political arrangements in favour of hybridism and incrementalism. Ten key maxims are introduced as a means of analyzing this historical rupture and understanding the variety of experiences across the region.

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