ERGATIVE, PASSIVE AND THE OTHER DEVICES OF FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (Historica vol. 8,1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL MODINI
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Functional Perspective

scholarly journals The collaborative roots of corruption

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (34) ◽  
pp. 10651-10656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ori Weisel ◽  
Shaul Shalvi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Moral Sentiments ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
Expected Proportion

Cooperation is essential for completing tasks that individuals cannot accomplish alone. Whereas the benefits of cooperation are clear, little is known about its possible negative aspects. Introducing a novel sequential dyadic die-rolling paradigm, we show that collaborative settings provide fertile ground for the emergence of corruption. In the main experimental treatment the outcomes of the two players are perfectly aligned. Player A privately rolls a die, reports the result to player B, who then privately rolls and reports the result as well. Both players are paid the value of the reports if, and only if, they are identical (e.g., if both report 6, each earns €6). Because rolls are truly private, players can inflate their profit by misreporting the actual outcomes. Indeed, the proportion of reported doubles was 489% higher than the expected proportion assuming honesty, 48% higher than when individuals rolled and reported alone, and 96% higher than when lies only benefited the other player. Breaking the alignment in payoffs between player A and player B reduced the extent of brazen lying. Despite player B's central role in determining whether a double was reported, modifying the incentive structure of either player A or player B had nearly identical effects on the frequency of reported doubles. Our results highlight the role of collaboration—particularly on equal terms—in shaping corruption. These findings fit a functional perspective on morality. When facing opposing moral sentiments—to be honest vs. to join forces in collaboration—people often opt for engaging in corrupt collaboration.

The Lexico-Syntactic Symbiosis in a Functional Perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-240
Author(s):  
Peter Harder
Keyword(s):  
Functional Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lexical Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Domain ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Lexical Items

Based on a functional approach, the article proposes a role for lexical knowledge in human languages in relation to syntactic and encyclopaedic knowledge. A lexicon presupposes encyclopaedic knowledge in terms of which the semantic domain of lexical items can be defined – but this does not mean that there is no distinction between lexicon and encyclopaedia, only that one stands on the shoulders of the other. Syntax similarly presupposes a lexicon: there can be no combinations without items to be combined, whereas you can have (holophrastic) languages consisting solely of items. However, inside the domain of human, i.e. syntactically organized languages, syntax and lexicon presuppose each other: lexical items below full utterance size make no sense except in relation to a combinatory syntax, and a combinatory syntax presupposes elements that can enter into combinations.

Pessimistic Bias in Predictions of Performance Results

1995 ◽  
Vol 77 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1363-1366
Author(s):  
Vadim Subbotin
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practice Trial ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Performance Predictions ◽  
Performance Results

Realism in the performance predictions of 60 university students was investigated. After a practice trial on a task of creativity, one group of subjects were asked to state their expectations and the other group their hopes for their performance scores on the first and second test trials before each one. Both groups were unrealistically pessimistic about their performance: the first and second trial predictions of the expectation group as well as of the hope group were lower than their actual performance scores. In all cases (except the second-trial prediction of the hope group) the differences reached significance. Results are explained from the functional perspective. It is suggested that unrealistically low predictions may serve an affective function (feeling better).

role of búshì (??) in talk about everyday troubles and difficulties

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-227
Author(s):  
Guodong Yu ◽  
Paul Drew
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
The Troubles ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Working Together

In this article, búshì in Mandarin Chinese is divided into Type 1 default use, that is, the negation bú shì, and the Type 2 marked use, that is, the confirmation búshì. These two different uses of búshì are different in their semantic meaning and pragmatic functions no matter whether they take the form of or are embedded in declarative or interrogative grammatical constructions. It is demonstrated that Type 2 búshì in declaratives is in fact a practice that enables its speaker to fulfil the task of premonitoring or telling an everyday trouble or problem, and, furthermore, analysis is done to find out how the co-participants respond, hence working together with trouble tellers to form a specific sequence organisation of everyday trouble alluding or reporting in Mandarin Chinese. Specifically, the troubles talk signalled or reported by búshì falls into two kinds. In one kind, búshì-containing turn construction units (TCUs) only alert or signal to recipients that a trouble may be forthcoming. In the other kind, the búshì-containing TCUs are themselves explicit reportings or tellings about a trouble. These two kinds of búshì-containing TCUs lead to different sequence organizations: the former develops into a full elaboration of the volunteered troubles, and the latter continues with solutions to the troubles. The present study contributes to understanding Mandarin grammar from a functional perspective.

scholarly journals Paternal kin discrimination by sons in male chimpanzees transitioning to adulthood

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron A. Sandel ◽  
John C. Mitani ◽  
Kevin E. Langergraber
Keyword(s):  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Paternal Investment ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Offspring Discrimination

AbstractAlthough paternal investment explains the evolution of fatherhood from a functional perspective, its evolutionary origins are unclear. Here we investigate whether a building block for paternal investment, father-offspring discrimination, is present in our closest living relatives, chimpanzees. Adolescent and young adult males (12 - 21 years old) maintained proximity and groomed with their fathers more frequently than with other males given how often they associated. This discrimination did not likely increase the short-term inclusive fitness of fathers or sons because the absolute time they spent in proximity or grooming did not exceed the time spent in these activities by other dyads. Almost all grooming was done by sons rather than fathers, suggesting that sons are responsible for observed biases in father-son behavior. Father-offspring discrimination could partly be explained by young males socializing with males who were more likely to be their father based on their age at the time of the young male’s conception. Two other cues of paternity, the other male’s rank at the time of the young male’s infancy and the other male’s association frequency with the young male’s mother during the young male’s infancy/juvenility, failed to predict association-controlled proximity or grooming. Father-son biases persisted even after controlling for characteristics of males that predicted paternity probability, implicating other cues that we did not examine. These results suggest that an important factor for the evolution of highly investing fathers in humans, father-offspring discrimination, may have been present in simpler form in the last common ancestor they shared with chimpanzees.

Stromatoporoids from the Famennian (Devonian) Wabamun Formation, Normandville oilfield, north–central Alberta, Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin W. Stearn
Keyword(s):  
Patch Reef ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
North Central ◽  
Biotic Crisis

Stromatoporoids are the principal framebuilding organisms in the patch reef that is part of the reservoir of the Normandville field. The reef is 10 m thick and 1.5 km2in area and demonstrates that stromatoporoids retained their ability to build reefal edifices into Famennian time despite the biotic crisis at the close of Frasnian time. The fauna is dominated by labechiids but includes three non-labechiid species. The most abundant species isStylostroma sinense(Dong) butLabechia palliseriStearn is also common. Both these species are highly variable and are described in terms of multiple phases that occur in a single skeleton. The other species described areClathrostromacf.C. jukkenseYavorsky,Gerronostromasp. (a columnar species), andStromatoporasp. The fauna belongs in Famennian/Strunian assemblage 2 as defined by Stearn et al. (1988).

D. The Line Spectrum of Pulsating Variable Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 207-244
Author(s):  
R. P. Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Variable Stars ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Spectrum ◽  
Afternoon Session ◽  
Empirical Information ◽  
Pulsating Variable Stars ◽  
Almost Continuous ◽  
Informal Approach

(Ed. note:Encouraged by the success of the more informal approach in Christy's presentation, we tried an even more extreme experiment in this session, I-D. In essence, Kraft held the floor continuously all morning, and for the hour and a half afternoon session, serving as a combined Summary-Introductory speaker and a marathon-moderator of a running discussion on the line spectrum of cepheids. There was almost continuous interruption of his presentation; and most points raised from the floor were followed through in detail, no matter how digressive to the main presentation. This approach turned out to be much too extreme. It is wearing on the speaker, and the other members of the symposium feel more like an audience and less like participants in a dissective discussion. Because Kraft presented a compendious collection of empirical information, and, based on it, an exceedingly novel series of suggestions on the cepheid problem, these defects were probably aggravated by the first and alleviated by the second. I am much indebted to Kraft for working with me on a preliminary editing, to try to delete the side-excursions and to retain coherence about the main points. As usual, however, all responsibility for defects in final editing is wholly my own.)

C. The Continuous Spectrum of Pulsating Variable Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 177-206
Author(s):  
J. B. Oke ◽  
C. A. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Spectrum ◽  
Variable Stars ◽  
Velocity Fields ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Spectrum ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Thermodynamic Structure ◽  
Diagnostic Interpretation ◽  
Pulsating Variable Stars ◽  
The Continuum

Pecker:The topic to be considered today is the continuous spectrum of certain stars, whose variability we attribute to a pulsation of some part of their structure. Obviously, this continuous spectrum provides a test of the pulsation theory to the extent that the continuum is completely and accurately observed and that we can analyse it to infer the structure of the star producing it. The continuum is one of the two possible spectral observations; the other is the line spectrum. It is obvious that from studies of the continuum alone, we obtain no direct information on the velocity fields in the star. We obtain information only on the thermodynamic structure of the photospheric layers of these stars–the photospheric layers being defined as those from which the observed continuum directly arises. So the problems arising in a study of the continuum are of two general kinds: completeness of observation, and adequacy of diagnostic interpretation. I will make a few comments on these, then turn the meeting over to Oke and Whitney.

Observing programme for the 24-inch/36-inch Schmidt telescope

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Schmidt Telescope ◽  
Flint Glass

A new 24-inch/36-inch//3 Schmidt telescope, made by C. Zeiss, Jena, has been installed since 30 August 1962, at the N. Copernicus University Observatory in Toruń. It is equipped with two objective prisms, used separately, one of crown the other of flint glass, each of 5° refracting angle, giving dispersions of 560Å/mm and 250Å/ mm respectively.

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