The Impact of Ancient Chinese on Baihua Language

This article analyzes the influence of the ancient classical literary language - the Wenyan communication language on the Baihua language. Lexical and grammatical differences are discussed on both fronts of a language. Since the Wenyan language is represented by monosyllabic units, several meanings of a hieroglyph have the property of changing its semantic meaning according to the position of the hieroglyph in the sentence or sentence. It is extremely important to pay attention to this aspect in reading and interpreting ancient texts. The Baihua language, on the other hand, is represented by polysyllabic units, which are much more convenient than the Wenyan language in expressing the semantic meaning of a word. However, the Wenyan language played an important role in the formation of the Baihua language, and to this day some elements of the Wenyan language are also reflected in the Putonghua.

СТІЙКІСТЬ, ВАРІАТИВНІСТЬ І ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ПРИСЛІВ’ЇВ

The article considers the problem of proverb stability and modifications, and the difference between the terms modification and transformation. The author draws a conclusion that standard modifications within the national paremiological corpus can not be perceived as textual or occasional modifications. They should be taken as systemic variations within language norms that exist in the mind of native speakers, do not add another semantic meaning and are not recognized by native speakers as proverb deformations. Differences between proverbs (sayings of edifying character, which contain the centuries-old experience of the people) and anti-proverbs (the authors consider anti-proverbs to be the semantic antithesis of proverbs) are highlighted. The authors pay special attention to the study of the semantics of proverbs and their transformants to identify relevant semantic and cognitive characteristics. The productive transformation of classical proverbs convinces of the heredity of folk wisdom, the change in the deep meaning, and the formal plan of the original proverbs testifies to their adaptation to new social and historical conditions and values.

Semantic Changes and Pragmatic Functions of Address Form “Bao” in Chinese Media Context

As an emerging address form, "Bao" is popular and widely used in media and has its own place in lovers' prattles. This article compares the newly fashioned address "bao" with the other two address forms, "bao bao" popular in 2015 as one of the ten buzzwords and "bao bei", respectively. It is found that the three shares the basic semantic meaning, but the degrees of their semantic extension differ. There are three semantic meanings: to refer to children from the parents' part, refer to someone in close relation, and refer to all the people. Meanwhile, "bao" has its distinctive features in pragmatic functions. The first one is to maintain a harmonious relationship, and the second is to achieve communicative goals. Therefore, we should consider when choosing among the three addresses, albeit their semantic generalization, in case of pragmatic failure.

SYNONYMY IN ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

The article addresses the issue of studying noun and adjective synonymy in the Latin anatomical terminology. Different views on the problem of noun and adjective synonymic relations in the anatomical terminology are considered. The complex of Latin nouns-synonyms, their signs and functional specifics are described. Latin terminological units are divided into three groups:1) absolute synonyms; 2) synonyms of varying compatibility; 3) quasi-synonyms. Group 1 includes absolute synonyms which have appeared due to the revision of anatomical nomenclature and are of the similar semantic meaning. Group 2 – nouns, often terminological pairs, having different compatibility in the anatomical terminology. The most numerous Group 3 includes the so-called quasi-synonyms – terms of similar meaning intended for differentiation of various anatomical notions. Meanwhile, it has been found that the signs of Latin quasi-synonyms differentiation in the anatomical terminology may vary greatly and contain an indication on the shape of an object, type of tissue, morphological similarity, object location, etc. Most often used synonymic adjectives are analysed. They have been found to belong to Group 2 of the classification above, since the choice of the term-adjective most commonly depends on the compatibility, that is on the noun it is related to.

“Exclusivity” and quantifier float in bakari

This paper presents a descriptive study that analyzes the semantic meaning of Toritate focus particle bakari. Previous studies reported that, although bakari expresses exclusivity, it is characterized by the fact that it permits non-applicable cases, thereby drawing the conclusion that the meaning of bakari is not exclusivity. This paper argues that bakari does indeed denote “exclusivity” as bakari is supported by the phenomenon that non-applicable cases are unacceptable when bakari co-occurs with floating quantifiers. Considering existing research on this subject, the following was observed. Even though the subjective set, as established by the speaker’s past experiences to interpret the meaning of bakari, may not be consistent with the real world, the number of events that form the said set match the number of real-world events when bakari co-occurs with floating quantifiers due to the characteristics of floating quantifiers. In such cases, bakari does not permit non-applicable cases. The interpretation that permits non-applicable cases applies to situations where the set established by the speaker is fixed at a narrower range than the real world, and the non-applicable cases exist outside the set. We thus conclude that bakari denotes “exclusivity” that does not permit non-applicable cases.

David Vikgren versus Antti Keksi

David Vikgren Versus Antti Keksi: The Work of Orature in Phonemic poetry David Vikgren (1975–) has made a phonemic elaboration of an oral poem by Antti Keksi (1677). Both these poets are situated in Torne Valley in the very north of Sweden. This region was colonised for centuries. For example, the language Meänkieli was forbidden in schools. Nowadays, efforts are made to restore Meänkieli, so David Vikgren’s phonemic work with Keksi’s oral poem has political implications. However, this is also an interesting piece of language materialism, where Vikgren treats the Meänkieli text according to three principles, as antonym, as anagram, and as homophony. This article suggests a method for the signification process of homophony. The semantic meaning of words changes considerably when phonemes are allowed to dominate and reading finds its base in sound associations.

Usage-Based Individual Differences in the Probabilistic Processing of Multi-Word Sequences

While it is widely acknowledged that both predictive expectations and retrodictive integration influence language processing, the individual differences that affect these two processes and the best metrics for observing them have yet to be fully described. The present study aims to contribute to the debate by investigating the extent to which experienced-based variables modulate the processing of word pairs (bigrams). Specifically, we investigate how age and reading experience correlate with lexical anticipation and integration, and how this effect can be captured by the metrics of forward and backward transition probability (TP). Participants read more and less strongly associated bigrams, paired in sets of four to control for known lexical covariates such as bigram frequency and semantic meaning (i.e., absolute control, total control, absolute silence, total silence) in a self-paced reading (SPR) task. They additionally completed assessments of exposure to print text (Author Recognition Test, Shipley vocabulary assessment, Words that Go Together task) and provided their age. Results show that both older age and lesser reading experience individually correlate with stronger TP effects. Moreover, TP effects differ across the spillover region (the two words following the noun in the bigram).

The strain of constraint

This article seeks to define and illustrate the notion of ‘constraint’ as it applies to literary translation. After a brief discussion of various ways in which the concept of constraint intersects with literary translation, the focus turns to the notion of ‘elasticity’, which describes tensions exerted upon the translator by factors particular to a given translation project, whether these are stylistic, formal, lexical, or intentional literary constraints. This tension forces the translator to work ‘otherwise’ and dictates to a certain extent where the translator must situate him or herself along a continuum of ‘faithfulness’ that ranges from material form to semantic meaning. Four examples are taken from the author’s own work as a literary translator, drawing on translations of ‘constrained’ texts of progressive difficulty by Marcel Schwob, Raymond Queneau, Olivier Salon, and J.-A. Soubira. Finally, this illustration of varying textual elasticity and constraint is examined from a sociological angle, which seeks to explore practical constraints of literary translation in today’s American literary marketplace.

National character in the allegorical prose of M. Tarkovsky and A. Bushkovsky

This article analyzes the Russian national character as the main theme in the works of M. Tarkovsky and A. Bushkovsky. The criteria for selecting the research material is the date of publication (2019) and the presence of an allegorical plot, which depicts the traditionalism, spirituality, controversy, and at the same time holism, sense of humor, and depth of national character. The author views national character as the foundation of artistic world in the allegorical prose; as well as gives characteristics to the key motifs, such as faith, labor, challenges, antagonism of the alien, unfamiliar to a Russian person. The article employs the systemic-holistic approach towards revealing the typological features of the modern traditionalist prose by M. Tarkovsky and A. Bushkovsky. The research is based on the comparativism, which allows determining the common trends and uniqueness of both authors. The article identifies the invariant constructions and images (portrait, landscape, detail, language). The elements of biographical method are used for correlating the hero with personal experience and worldview of the author. The structural-semantic method allows focusing on the aesthetic object, revealing the semantic meaning of methods used by the writers to create the image. Hermeneutics characterizes the allegory and symbol as fundamental means of expressing the authorial intentions, which reflect the ideological and aesthetic changes in the literary system. This article is first to analyze the literary texts of modern authors from the perspective of ethnopoetics.

Artistic peculiarities of the philosophical works of S. S. Vasilyev-Borogonsky

The goal of this research lies in the description of artistic uniqueness of the philosophical lyrics of S. S. Vasilyev. The author reviews the problem of the poetic language of Vasilyev’s philosophical poems from the perspective of determination of the role and function of poetic images, as well as the techniques of rhetorical patterns, stylistics and syntax as method of expressing the original philosophical views. Examination of the philosophical lyrics of S. S. Vasilyev required an overview of the context of philosophical poetry of the Yakut classics – A. E. Kulakovsky, A. I. Sofronov – the forerunners of S. S. Vasilyev.  It is worth noting that the poet scrupulously adhered to the experience and traditions of his forerunners. The lyrical works of S. S. Vasilyev were oriented towards the poetics of philosophical works of the first poets. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the poetics of the philosophical lyrics of S. S. Vasilyev is examined on the basis of literary studies for the first time. The author determines the main ideological content of the poet's philosophical lyrics: he enhanced the semantic meaning of poetic images borrowed from the folk lyrics. The designated by the poet symbolic images are comprehensible and effective means of artistic reproduction of the philosophical concepts. The rhetorical references, questions that are specific to the philosophical lyrics overall, served as the main techniques of developing the theme of the philosophical works of S. S. Vasilyev, described his personal reflections, as well as the author’s idea of the lyrical works.