scholarly journals An attempt to use the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. in forest protection against the bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in the field

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Grodzki ◽  
Mieczysław Kosibowicz
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Fungus Beauveria Bassiana

Abstract In 2011-2013, trials on the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against bark beetle (Ips typographus) populations were carried out under open field conditions in Norway spruce stands suffering from an outbreak in the Beskid Żywiecki Mts. in Poland. Modified pheromone traps were deployed to capture and thereafter release fungus-infected bark beetles to the forest environment. Infested spruce trees felled next to the traps remained unaffected by the transmission of the fungus to insect populations. Direct spraying or dusting of lying trap logs and suspended caged rearing bolts did not have any effect on spruce infestation by I. typographus, its reproduction success and development or natural enemies inside the bark. A very small effect on mortality rates of target as well as non-target insects overwintering in the dusted litter was observed. Treated stands, unlike control stands, were indirectly affected by the treatment, evidenced by the reduction of tree mortality due to bark beetle infestation. At present, no recommendations concerning the potential use of the fungus in forest protection can be given. However such an environmentally friendly approach represents a promising future prospect.

scholarly journals Variability of Selected Traits of Ips Typographus (L.) (Col.: Scolytinae) Populations In Beskid Żwiecki (Western Carpathians, Poland) Region Affected By Bark Beetle Outbreak

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Grodzki ◽  
Jerzy R. Starzyk ◽  
Mieczysław Kosibowicz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Gallery System ◽  
Infestation Density ◽  
Selected Traits ◽  
Very High

Abstract In 2010-2012, investigations on Ips typographus populations were carried out in Norway spruce stands recently affected by bark beetle outbreak in the Beskid Żywiecki Mts. in Poland. The aim of the study was to test the usefulness of several traits describing I. typographus populations for evaluation of their actual outbreak tendency. Infestation density, sex ratio, gallery length, progeny number and beetle length were used as the traits. Trait variability was analyzed in relation to infested tree mortality in the current year of observation and outbreak tendency defined by the comparison of data on tree mortality in the current year and that in the year before. The highest infestation density was found in the stands representing the highest tree mortality in the current year and in those characterized by decreasing outbreak tendency. The gallery system with 2 maternal galleries dominated. The sex ratio of attacking beetles inclined towards females (63.8%) and remained stable during 3 years of observations; the highest percentage of females was found in locations being in stabilization/latency outbreak phase. The length of maternal galleries was somewhat negatively affected by infestation density and positively correlated with the number of progeny in the gallery. The average beetle length was 4.800 mm (± 0.293), ranging between 3.718 and 5.817 mm and being the highest in the uppermost class of tree mortality recorded in the current year of observation. The shortest beetles were collected in the stands with increasing outbreak tendency, and slightly longer - in the stands with outbreak stable and decreasing tendencies. None of the traits tested can be selected as a direct indicator for prediction of outbreak tendency in I. typographus populations. Possible reasons of variability in the analyzed traits are discussed. The traits indicate that I. typographus in the study area represent very high reproductive potential, thus the risk of repeated outbreak is very high

scholarly journals Drivers of Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Infestations on Downed Trees after Severe Windthrow

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1290
Author(s):  
Branislav Hroššo ◽  
Pavel Mezei ◽  
Mária Potterf ◽  
Andrej Majdák ◽  
Miroslav Blaženec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Wind Damage ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Spruce Bark

Research Highlights: Bark beetles are important agents of disturbance regimes in temperate forests, and specifically in a connected wind-bark beetle disturbance system. Large-scale windthrows trigger population growth of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) from endemic to epidemic levels, thereby allowing the killing of Norway spruce trees over several consecutive years. Background and Objectives: There is a lack of evidence to differentiate how outbreaks are promoted by the effects of environmental variables versus beetle preferences of trees from endemic to outbreak. However, little is known about how individual downed-tree characteristics and local conditions such as tree orientation and solar radiation affect beetle colonization of downed trees. Materials and Methods: To answer this question, we investigated the infestation rates and determined tree death categories (uprooted, broken, and stump) in wind-damaged areas in Western Tatra Mts. in Carpathians (Slovakia) from 2014–2016, following a windthrow in May 2014. In total, we investigated 225 trees over eight transects. For every tree, we measured its morphological (tree height, crown characteristics), environmental (solar radiation, terrain conditions, trunk zenith), temporal (time since wind damage), and beetle infestation (presence, location of attack, bark desiccation) parameters. We applied Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) to unravel the main drivers of I. typographus infestations. Results: Over the first year, beetles preferred to attack broken trees and sun-exposed trunk sides over uprooted trees; the infestation on shaded sides started in the second year along with the infestation of uprooted trees with lower desiccation rates. We found that time since wind damage, stem length, and incident solar radiation increased the probability of beetle infestation, although both solar radiation and trunk zenith exhibited nonlinear variability. Our novel variable trunk zenith appeared to be an important predictor of bark beetle infestation probability. We conclude that trunk zenith as a simple measure defining the position of downed trees over the terrain can anticipate beetle infestation. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding of the bark beetle’s preferences to colonize windthrown trees in the initial years after the primary wind damage. Further, our findings can help to identify trees that are most susceptible to beetle infestation and to prioritize management actions to control beetle population while maintaining biodiversity.

scholarly journals Bark Beetle Population Dynamics in the Anthropocene: Challenges and Solutions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. W. Biedermann ◽  
Jean-Claude Grégoire ◽  
Axel Gruppe ◽  
Jonas Hagge ◽  
Almuth Hammerbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Ecological Framework ◽  
Beetle Population ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Important Pest

Tree-killing bark beetles are the most economically important insects in conifer forests worldwide. Yet  despite >200 years of research, the drivers of population eruptions or crashes are still not fully understood, precluding reliable predictions of the effects of global change on beetle population dynamics and impacts on ecosystems and humans.  We critically analyze potential biotic and abiotic drivers of population dynamics of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) and present a novel ecological framework that integrates the multiple drivers governing this bark beetle system. We call for large-scale collaborative research efforts to improve our understanding of the population dynamics of this important pest; an approach that might serve as a blueprint for other eruptive forest insects.

scholarly journals Managing bark beetle outbreaks (Ips typographus, Dendroctonus spp.) in conservation areas in the 21st century

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-357
Author(s):  
Dominik Kulakowski
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Social Scientific

Abstract Forests in Europe and North America are being affected by large and severe outbreaks of bark beetles, which have caused widespread concern about forest health and have led to proposals for tree removal in affected or susceptible forests. Any such intervention, as well as broader decisions of whether any active interventions are appropriate, should be based on the best scientific data. This is true for all forests, including those whose purposes include timber production, watershed protection, biogeochemical function and recreation, and especially protected and conservation areas as the latter often provide particularly unique and important cultural, social, scientific and other ecosystem services. Here, I summarize peer-reviewed literature on the effects of bark beetle outbreaks and on silvicultural treatments aimed at mitigating beetle-induced tree mortality. From an objective scientific perspective, beetle outbreaks do not destroy forests. Instead, in many cases they play an important role in promoting wildlife, biodiversity and other ecological services. The best available data indicate that logging in conservation areas is unlikely to stop ongoing bark beetle outbreaks and instead may be more ecologically detrimental to the forests than the outbreaks themselves. If the purpose of a forest is timber production, then logging is desirable and can be planned based on appropriate analyses of timber yield and economic profit. However, in areas in which conservation is the determined goal, it is recommended that cutting trees be limited to removing hazards, such as trees that might fall in areas of high human activity in order to limit property damage and personal injury. Based on extensive research in Europe and North America, logging beetle-affected forests is inconsistent with most conservation goals.

scholarly journals Influence of different forest protection strategies on spruce tree mortality during a bark beetle outbreak

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Mezei ◽  
Miroslav Blaženec ◽  
Wojciech Grodzki ◽  
Jaroslav Škvarenina ◽  
Rastislav Jakuš
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Protection Strategies

scholarly journals Merocoenoses of cambioxylophagous insect fauna of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) with focus on bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and types of tree damage in different gradation conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 474-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kula ◽  
W. Ząbecki
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Endemic Population

Research on merocoenoses of cambioxylophagous insect fauna of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) was carried out in spruce stands of different age in the area with an endemic population (Moravian-Silesian Beskids, Czech Republic) and in the area with an epidemic population (Beskid Żywiecki, Poland) of the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.). The structure of merocoenoses was characterized separately for standing trees attacked by bark beetles, trees struck by lightning, trees affected by fungal pathogens and wind-felling and trees in the form of snags and fragments. The occurrence of cambioxylophagous insects, mostly bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was compared between the study areas with emphasis on dominant facultative primary bark beetles and types of damage to spruce trees.  

Ethanol accumulation during severe drought may signal tree vulnerability to detection and attack by bark beetles

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 554-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick G. Kelsey ◽  
D. Gallego ◽  
F.J. Sánchez-García ◽  
J.A. Pajares
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Tissue Water Content ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Mediterranean Pine ◽  
Pine Shoot Beetles

Tree mortality from temperature-driven drought is occurring in forests around the world, often in conjunction with bark beetle outbreaks when carbon allocation to tree defense declines. Physiological metrics for detecting stressed trees with enhanced vulnerability prior to bark beetle attacks remain elusive. Ethanol, water, monoterpene concentrations, and composition were examined in the phloem and sapwood of drought-stressed Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) freshly attacked by mature Mediterranean pine shoot beetles (Tomicus destruens (Wollaston, 1865)) and in neighboring unattacked trees. The attacked trees were more water-stressed and contained, on average, 2.1 and 2.4 times more ethanol in the phloem and sapwood, respectively, than the neighboring attack-free trees. This response is consistent with the known attraction of T. destruens to ethanol. Most monoterpene concentrations in the phloem, but not sapwood, were greater in tissues of attacked trees, whereas compositional differences were minor between the two tree groups for both tissues. Tissue water content explained much of the variation in phloem monoterpene concentrations, which increased as water in the phloem declined, suggesting that higher constitutive quantities existed in the more stressed trees prior to the attacks. Monoterpenes may have contributed to host tree selection by T. destruens, but their potential influence is considered less important than that of ethanol based on beetle responses to these compounds in previous trapping studies. This is the first report of elevated ethanol concentrations in tissues of trees experiencing natural drought stress and suggests that ethanol measurements in severely water-stressed trees may allow early detection of those most vulnerable to bark beetle attack.

scholarly journals A Highly Contiguous Genome Assembly of a Major Forest Pest, the Eurasian Spruce Bark Beetle Ips Typographus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Powell ◽  
Ewald Grosse-Wilde ◽  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Amit Roy ◽  
Amrita Chakraborty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

Abstract Conifer-feeding bark beetles are important herbivores and decomposers in forest ecosystems. These species have evolved specializations to complete their life cycle in nutritionally poor wooden substrates and some can overwhelm tree defences and kill enormous numbers of trees during population outbreaks. The Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) is one tree-killing species; during a recent epidemic it destroyed >100 million m3 of spruce in a single year. We report a 236 Mb, highly contiguous I. typographus genome assembly using PacBio long-read sequencing. The final phased assembly had a contig N50 of 6.65 Mb in 272 contigs and was predicted to contain 23,923 protein-coding genes. Comparative genomic analysis including 11 additional coleopterans revealed expanded gene families associated with plant cell wall degradation, including pectinases, aspartyl proteases, and glycosyl hydrolases. This first whole-genome sequence from the genus Ips provides timely resources to address important questions about the evolutionary biology of the true weevils (Curculionidae), one of the most species-rich animal families. This resource will also allow for improved studies of functional genomics of both fundamental and applied value. In forests of today, increasingly stressed by global warming, this draft genome may ultimately assist in developing novel pest control strategies to mitigate outbreaks.

scholarly journals Catches of Ips duplicatus and other non-target Coleoptera by Ips typographus pheromone trapping

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heli Valkama ◽  
Mika Räty ◽  
Pekka Niemelä
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Pheromone Trapping ◽  
Ips Duplicatus ◽  
Geographic Gradient ◽  
First Time ◽  
Eastern Finland ◽  
Russian Karelia

Catches of non-target Coleoptera in Ips typographus pheromone traps baited with Ipslure® were analysed along a geographic gradient running from southwestem Finland to eastern Finland and Russian Karelia. Besides I. typographus, two other bark beetles, Pityogenes chalcographus and Ips duplicatus were caught in high numbers. I. duplicatus occuned on northeastern sites only, suggesting a more restricted distribution than previously known. High numbers of Thanasimus spp. beetles indicate that I. typographus pheromone is also an effective attractant for bark beetle predators. In addition, the originally North American ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus materiarius, now widely spread in Europe was found for the first time in nature in Finland.

scholarly journals Ursachen und Verlauf der Buchdrucker-Epidemien (Ips typographus L.) in der Schweiz von 1984 bis 1999 | Causes and progress of the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle epidemics (Ips typographus) in Switzerland from 1984 to 1999

2003 ◽  
Vol 154 (11) ◽  
pp. 437-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Meier ◽  
Rolf Gall ◽  
Beat Forster
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
National Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Storm Damage ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Breeding Material ◽  
Spruce Bark

In the past 20 years, several mass attacks by the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) occurred in Switzerland. Since 1984 data on compulsory fellings, numbers of infestation spots and numbers of beetles captured in pheromone traps have been collected in all Swiss forest districts. The annual data were published in short reports. This paper gives an overview of the progress of bark beetle epidemics from 1984 to 1999. On the national level, two periods with epidemics of the spruce bark beetle can be distinguished. The first epidemic started after windthrows and drought in the years 1982 and 1983. It reached its height in 1984/1985 and faded at the end of the decade. The second epidemic started after the storm Vivian (February 1990). It reached its height in 1992/1993 and ended in 1997. Storm damage that produced high quantities of suitable breeding material was not the only factor for the bark beetle gradation;weather conditions were also exceptional, such as hot and dry vegetation periods. Windthrows and exceptional weather conditions are mostly events on regional scales and do not affect the whole country with the same intensity. The gradation that appears to be an «epidemic of the spruce bark beetle in Switzerland after the storm Vivian» is in truth the accumulation of several local epidemics. This is shown by the number of compulsory fellings and infestation spots analysed at regional levels. Extreme weather conditions and storms not only directly influence the bark beetle population, they also stress standing trees, thus creating suitable breeding material for bark beetles. To analyse the influence of exceptional weather conditions on bark beetle epidemics,it is therefore necessary to evaluate regional data.

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