scholarly journals Resources of dead wood in the municipal forests in Warsaw

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad Skwarek ◽  
Szymon Bijak
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Dead wood plays an important role for the biodiversity of forest ecosystems and influences their proper development. This study assessed the amount of coarse woody debris in municipal forests in Warsaw (central Poland). Based on the forest site type, dominant tree species and age class, we stratified all complexes of the Warsaw urban forests in order to allocate 55 sample plots. For these plots, we determined the volume of dead wood including standing dead trees, coarse woody debris and broken branches as well as uprooted trees. We calculated the amount of dead wood in the distinguished site-species-age layers and for individual complexes. The volume of dead matter in municipal forests in Warsaw amounted to 38,761 m3, i.e. 13.7 m3/ha. The obtained results correspond to the current regulations concerning the amount of dead organic matter to be left in forests. Only in the Las Bielański complex (northern Warsaw) volume of dead wood is comparable to the level observed in Polish national parks or nature reserves, which is still far lower than the values found for natural forests. In general, municipal forests in Warsaw stand out positively in terms of dead wood quantity and a high degree of variation in the forms and dimensions of dead wood.

scholarly journals Estimation of coarse woody debris stocks in forest ecosystems of Slobozhansky national nature park

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Furdychko ◽  
◽  
O. Chornobrov ◽  
I. Solomakha ◽  
I. Tymochko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Fallen Dead Wood ◽  
Total Stock

Dead wood is an important component of forest ecosystems. It performs a number of environmental functions. Coarse woody debris includes standing dead trees, fallen dead trees, fragments of fallen trees (trunks), branches (fragments of branches), and rough tree roots. It is a substrate and habitat for living organisms, including a number of species of mosses, lichens, fungi, invertebrates, as well as birds and mammals. Woody detritus plays an important role in the biological cycle of substances and energy, and carbon deposition, is a source of nutrients. Therefore, the study of quantitative and qualitative features of dead wood, in particular on protected areas, is a considerable nowadays problem. The aim of the work is to estimate identified by forest inventory stocks of dead wood in forest ecosystems of Slobozhansky NNP by categories, as well as to analyze the distribution of its volumes in stands of dominant tree species and forest types. The estimation of coarse woody debris stocks was performed based on forest inventory data of Slobozhansky National Nature Park conducted by Ukrainian State Project Forestry Production association “Ukrderzhlisproekt”. Data from 493 forest stands of nine tree species were analyzed. The stock of the following fractions of coarse woody debris was studied: standing dead wood, fallen (downed) dead wood. Data analysis was performed using MS Excel 2016 software. It was found that the total area of forest stands in which standing or downed dead wood was found during forest inventory was 2149.8 ha, or 47.5% of the total forest area of NNP. The total stock of coarse woody debris was 19478 m3, more than 95% of which is concentrated in the stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (78.8%) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) (16.6%). Standing dead wood prevailed (62.1%) fallen dead wood (37.9%) in the structure of dead wood volume. The volume of dead wood was in the range of 5–50 m3∙ha–1, and on average in studied forest ecosystems in which it was found was 9.1 m3∙ha–1. In Scots pine forest stands coarse woody debris was found on an area of 1703.5 hectares with total stock of 15355 m3, consists of standing dead trees (9952 m3, 64.8%) and fallen dead wood (5403 m3, 35.2%). The volume of dead wood in forest stands was 5–50 m3∙ha–1, on average – 9.0 m3∙ha–1. In pedunculate oak stands coarse wood debris was found on an area of 384.7 hectares with a total stock of 3224 m3, consists of standing dead wood (1469 m3, 45.6%) and fallen dead wood (1755 m3, 54.4%). The volume of dead wood in forest stands was 5–20 m3∙ha–1, on average – 8.4 m3∙ha–1.

scholarly journals The Effects of a Western Spruce Budworm Outbreak on the Dead Wood Component in Relation to Ownership in Forests of Eastern Oregon

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Azuma
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Western Spruce Budworm ◽  
Wood Component ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees ◽  
The Dead

Abstract Forest Inventory and Analysis data were used to investigate the effects of a severe western spruce budworm outbreak on the dead wood component of forests in 11 counties of eastern Oregon for two time periods. The ownership and the level of damage (as assessed by aerial surveys) affected the resulting down woody material and standing dead trees. The pattern of coarse woody debris with respect to ownership and management intensity remained consistent into the next 10-year period. Harvesting tended to lower the amount of coarse woody debris on private forests. Federally managed forests had more standing dead trees than private lands, with more in the reserved than nonreserved areas. There was a reduction in the number of standing dead trees between the two periods.

scholarly journals The importance of coarse woody debris in dynamic phases exposure in the beech (Fagus orientalis L.) stands of Hyrcanian forests

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 408-422
Author(s):  
Vahid Etemad ◽  
Mohsen Javanmiri pour ◽  
Zeinab Foladi
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Evolutionary Stage ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Natural Stands

In a natural forest, phases of different dynamics are gradually replaced to create sustainability in the stands. Coarse woody debris is among the most significant structural elements of natural stands that perform an influential position in the identification of dynamic phases. Therefore, the focus of this study is on dead wood conditioning as one of the major structural components in determining the various dynamic phases in the northern forests of Iran as part of the temperate forests. For this study, compartment 326 of Gorazbon District was considered as one of the control parcels of Kheyroud Forest. In this parcel, 25 one-hectare sample plots were selected as permanent plots for a long-term forest structure and succession studies. The coarse woody debris by 100% sampling method was measured. The results showed that there are 8 main phases in this area (gap formation, understorey initiation, stem exclusion, volume accumulation, volume degradation, multiple, lighting, old-growth). The extensive forest area (52%) is located in the understorey initiation and stem exclusion phases. The results also showed that the total average volume of snags and logs was 41.5 m<sup>3</sup>·ha<sup>–1</sup>. Furthermore, the mean dead wood volume in decay classes 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 10.33, 12.22, 9.15 and 83.9 m<sup>3</sup>·ha<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. The average frequency of dead trees in the diameter classes smaller than 25 cm, 25–50 cm and in the diameter class more than 50 cm is 25.79, 6.93, and 4.88. The significance analysis results obtained by ANOVA test showed that there is a significant difference between volume, snag and log stock and the shape of dead wood in various dynamic phases. Therefore, in general, dead wood in the forest differs according to habitat, evolutionary stage (dynamic phases), standing volume and species diversity of the tree species.

scholarly journals Volume of woody detritus in fresh maple-linden dibrova in Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
O. Chornobrov ◽  
I. Tymochko ◽  
O. Bezrodnova
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Decomposition Stage ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Nature Park ◽  
Common Oak

The article examines the volume of coarse woody detritus in fresh maple-linden-dibrova in Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park. The study was carried out in 115-year-old forest with a predominance of common oak (Quercus robur L.) of natural origin on a sample plot (0.24 ha) by identifying and measuring of standing and lying dead wood components. The volume of dead wood in the forest ecosystem is 32.4 m3·ha–1 and consists of fallen (84.3%) and standing (15.7%). The main part of the dead wood volume is formed by one tree species — common oak (91.3%). In general, woody detritus is characterized by I–IV stages of decomposition, at the same time detritus of III (52.5%) and II (41.7%) stages prevails, detritus of other decomposition stages has insignificant shares (not exceeding 5.0%). No detritus of the last (V) stage of decomposition was detected. The volume of standing dead wood was 5.1 m3·ha–1 and is formed by whole and broken dead trees. In terms of species composition, common oak predominates (80.4%), other species have much smaller shares: small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) (13.7%) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) (5.9%). The volume of standing dead wood is dominated by detritus of decomposition stage II (4.8 m3·ha–1, 94.1%), compared with stage I (0.3 m3·ha–1, 5.9%). The volume of lying dead wood is 27.3 m3·ha–1 and is formed by whole fallen trees, fragments of fallen trees (trunks) and thick branches. In terms of species composition dead wood volume is dominated by common oak detritus (25.6 m3·ha–1, 93.7%), and the shares of other species are insignificant. Fallen dead wood is represented by four stages of decomposition (I–IV). In terms of volume, decomposition stage III has an absolute advantage (16.9 m3·ha–1, 61.9%), much less detritus of stage II (8.7 m3·ha–1, 31.9%). Relatively low volume of woody detritus and the absence of dead wood of decomposition stage V may be associated with forestry activities, including selective sanitary cutting and fallen woody debris removal, in the past in modern NNP areas.

scholarly journals Features of coarse woody debris volume formation in fresh sudibrova conditions in Zmiini islands tract of Kaniv Nature Reserve

2021 ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
O. Chornobrov
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Common Oak

Dead wood (woody debris) is an important component of forest ecosystems. It performs a number of ecological and environmental functions. The article studies the peculiarities of the formation of coarse wood detritus volume and its qualitative structure in forests in the conditions of fresh sudibrova of the Zmiiini Islands tract of Kaniv Nature Reserve. The study of dead wood was carried out in 140-year-old pine-oak forests of natural origin on a permanent sample plot (0.24 ha) by identifying and measuring of standing and lying deadwood components. It was found that dead wood in the forest ecosystem was formed due to the dying of trees of five species: common oak (Quercus robur L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) and common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), and has a volume 56.3 m3·ha–1. Dead wood volume is dominated by standing dead trees — 82.1%, and the share of lying dead wood, respectively, is 17.9%. The main part of dead wood volume is formed by two tree species — common oak and Scots pine, the share of which together is 94.3%. Common oak and Scots pine is characterized by a predominance of standing dead wood, while for other tree species — lying dead wood. In general, dead wood is formed by detritus of I–IV classes of destruction, at the same time detritus of class II decomposition has a significant advantage (70.5%), recently dead wood has a much smaller share (I class, 24.8%), and other classes of destruction have insignificant shares, which together do not exceed 5.0%. No woody detritus of the last (V) class of destruction was detected. Volume of standing dead wood is 46.2 m3·ha–1, and is formed by whole and broken dead trees. In terms of species composition, common oak has a significant advantage (74.5%), Scots pine has a much smaller share (25.1%), and the share of Norway maple is insignificant (0.4%). The total standing dead wood volume is dominated by wood of class II destruction (33.0 m3·ha–1, 71.4%) compared with class I (13.2 m3·ha–1, 28.6%). Lying dead wood is represented by four classes of destruction (I–IV), however, no woody debris was found at the late (last) stage of decomposition (class V). In terms of volume, the second class of destruction has an absolute advantage (6.7 m3·ha–1, 66.3%), much less class III detritus (2.3 m3·ha–1, 22.8%). Lying dead wood of common oak is represented by all four classes of destruction, among which III (40.5%) and I (33.3%) classes predominate. Lying dead wood of other tree species is characterized by the predominance of II or III classes of destruction. The main factors in the formation of woody detritus in the pine-oak forest in the Zmiiini Islands tract could be the impact of adverse climatic conditions (long periods without precipitation in summer), which led to the weakening of individual trees and their death, gusts of wind that broke individual tree trunks, low-intensity snow breaks, and the influence of biotic factors (insects, pathogens).

scholarly journals Inventory of dead wood in the Kněhyně-Čertův mlýn National Nature Reserve, the Moravian-Silesian Beskids

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jankovský ◽  
D. Lička ◽  
K. Ježek
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
National Nature Reserve ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Standing Dead Trees

In four permanent experimental plots, dead wood was inventory under conditions of mountain forest ecosystems of the Kněhyně-Čertův ml&yacute;n National Nature Reserve, the Moravian-Silesian Beskids. Down woody material, standing dead trees as well as living trees were recorded. Data obtained were used to determine partial and summarized volumes of dead wood and its proportion in a living stand. Each of the surveyed areas was described not only from the viewpoint of mensuration but also with respect to subsequently carried out studies of biodiversity of wood mycoflora, succession of decomposition processes, natural regeneration on the dead wood etc. Mean volume of dead wood and a share in the total standing volume reaches 132 m<sup>3</sup>/ha(40%), of this 86 m<sup>3</sup>/hais down woody material and 46 m<sup>3</sup>/havolume of standing dead trees. Mean total standing volume per ha amounted to 332 m<sup>3</sup>/ha in the region of the Kněhyně-Čertův ml&yacute;n NNR.

scholarly journals Coarse woody debris carbon stocks in natural spruce forests of Babia hora

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Merganičová ◽  
J. Merganič
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Timber Volume ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Proper Estimation

Although coarse woody debris (CWD) represents one of the major carbon pools in natural forest ecosystems, little information is available about its CWD carbon stocks. This study demonstrates the importance of proper estimation of carbon stocks in CWD, which accounts for the decay process of CWD, on an example of a natural mountainous spruce forest located in Central Europe. The study accounts for aboveground coarse woody debris including standing dead trees, lying deadwood, and naturally formed stumps. Basic mensurational information (diameter, height, decay class) about dead wood was collected in the field during the inventory of the forests of the nature reserve Babia hora. The data were used for the calculation of CWD timber volume. In the next step, CWD timber volume was converted to carbon stock using the carbon proportion of 50.1% and density values of decay classes derived from the information published elsewhere. The analysis revealed that when CWD timber volume was converted to carbon stocks using the basic wood density of fresh wood, C stocks were overestimated by 40% or more depending on the developmental stage and elevation. The results also revealed that as the elevation increases, CWD carbon stocks decrease and the differences between the developmental stages diminish.

Coarse woody debris in old Pinus sylvestris dominated forests along a geographic and human impact gradient in boreal Fennoscandia

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2184-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Rouvinen ◽  
T Kuuluvainen ◽  
L Karjalainen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Human Impact ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Forest Utilization ◽  
Natural Stands

Coarse woody debris (CWD) was studied in old Pinus sylvestris L. dominated forests in three geographic regions in the middle boreal vegetation zone: (i) in Häme in southwestern Finland, characterized by a long history of forest utilization, (ii) in Kuhmo in northeastern Finland, with a more recent history of forest utilization, and (iii) in the Vienansalo wilderness area in northwestern Russia, characterized by large areas of almost natural forest. Within the geographic regions the measured 0.2-ha plots were divided into three stand types according to the degree of human impact: (i) natural stands, (ii) selectively logged stands, and (iii) managed stands. The results showed that compared with natural forests, forest management has strongly reduced both the amount and diversity of CWD. The highest total CWD volumes were found in the natural stands in Häme (mean 67 m3·ha–1) and Kuhmo (92 m3·ha–1) and in the selective logged stands in Vienansalo (80 m3·ha–1), while the lowest CWD volumes were found in the managed stands in Häme (7 m3·ha–1) and Kuhmo (22 m3·ha–1). The duration of forest utilization also plays a role, as forests with short management histories (Kuhmo region) still carried structural legacies from earlier more natural stages of the forest. In addition to lower total CWD volumes, managed stands also largely lacked certain dead wood characteristics, particularly large dead trees and standing dead trees with structural diversity characteristics (such as stem breakage, leaning stems, and fire scars) when compared with natural and selectively logged stands. The CWD characteristics of stands selectively logged in the past were often comparable with those of natural stands, suggesting that old selectively logged stands can be of high value from the nature conservation point of view.

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