Ozonation of pine kraft lignin in alkaline solution. Part 2: Surface active properties of the ozonated kraft lignins

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Wang ◽  
Chen-Loung Chen ◽  
Josef S. Gratzl
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Average Molecular Mass ◽  
Adsorption Equation ◽  
Gibbs Adsorption Equation ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solution

Abstract The surface tension and interfacial tension of the F-1000, F-1800, F-5000 and F-15000 fractions obtained by ultrafiltration of the Oz-25-KL, Oz-30-KL and Oz-40-KL preparations (ozonated kraft lignin, KL, preparations with ozone consumption of 25, 30 and 40% per KL) were determined with the concentration range of 1–30 g l-1 at pH of 6, 9 and 11. The surface tension of these ozonated KL preparations decreased with increasing concentration and pH according to the simplified Gibbs adsorption equation for dilute aqueous solution, ∂γ= -RTΓ∂(ln C). The results were discussed in term of functional group contents and weight average molecular mass (Mw) of the ozonated KL preparations. The surface tension of the ozonated KL preparations decreased with increasing carboxylic acid content and, to some extent, phenolic hydroxyl content, but increased with increasing Mw. The synergistic effect of the ozonated KL preparations with a commercial surfactant was then investigated. The oil-water interfacial tension was determined in the ozonated KL preparations in an aqueous solution containing 1.5% Petrostep B-120R and 1.5% sodium chloride with hexane as oil phase by spinning drop technique. The interfacial tension of the system also decreased with increasing the concentration of ozonated KL preparations in the range of 1–16 g l-1 according to the simplified Gibbs adsorption equation. Thus, the addition of a small amount of ozonated KL preparations to the aqueous solution containing 1.5% Petrostep B-120R and 1.5% sodium chloride showed a remarkable synergistic effect on reducing the interfacial tension.

SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON AQUEOUS AND ORGANIC PHASES IN FOOD EMULSIONS1

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 584-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Supran ◽  
J. C. Acton ◽  
A. J. Howell ◽  
R. L. Saffle
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Surface Tensions ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Sodium Sulfosuccinate ◽  
Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate ◽  
Dioctyl Sodium

Surface tensions of food grade oils, sodium chloride, sucrose, and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate were studied in a temperature range of 20 C to 50 C. Solutes in aqueous solution were varied in concentration. Regression equations were determined for each oil and solution except dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate which exhibited a Type III surfactant response.

scholarly journals Interaction between Aqueous Solutions of Hydrophobically Associating Polyacrylamide and Dodecyl Dimethyl Betaine

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongbin Ye ◽  
Guangfan Guo ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Zheng Shu
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Mixed System ◽  
Radius Of Gyration ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Hydrophobically Associating Polyacrylamide ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Hydrophobically Associating

The interaction between hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide (HAPAM) and dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS-12) is studied through surface tension, interfacial tension (IFT), apparent viscosity, aggregation behavior, and microscopic morphologies. Results show that surface and interface properties of BS-12 are largely affected by HAPAM. BS-12 critical micelle concentrations are increased with the increment of polymer concentrations. Abilities of reduced air-water surface tension and oil-water interfacial tension are dropped. The oil-water interfacial tension to reach minimum time is increased. HAPAM can form network structures in the aqueous solution. Mixed micelles are formed by the interaction between BS-12 micelles and hydrophobic groups of HAPAM in aqueous solution and self-assembly behavior of HAPAM is affected. With the increment of surfactant concentrations, the apparent viscosity, apparent weight average molecular weights (Mw, a), root mean square radius of gyration (〈Rg〉), and hydrodynamic radius of HAPAM increase first and then decline. Moreover, microscopic morphologies of the mixed system are formed from relatively loose network structures to dense network structures and then become looser network structures and the part of network structures fracture.

The Sorption of Oxygen by Silver

1960 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Allen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Heats Of Formation ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Adsorption Equation ◽  
Gibbs Adsorption Equation ◽  
Adsorption Isobar

The Gibbs adsorption equation has been used in conjunction with surface tension measurements on silver wires to determine the adsorption isobar of oxygen on silver at a pressure of 16 cmHg over the temperature range 650-850 �C. The results show the existence of a surface concentration of oxygen of 2 x 1015 atoms oxygen per cm2. The value of ΔH for the equilibrium between adsorbed and dissolved oxygen has been estimated as 20.6 kcal. This value in conjunction with the heats of formation and solution of Ag2O in silver permit the h3at of adsorption to be determined as 10.5 kcal per g-atom of oxygen.

Synthesis and Properties of Rosin-Modified Lignosulfonates

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 456-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Le Zhao ◽  
Zu Guang Liu ◽  
Xue Er Huang ◽  
Ya Hong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Propyl Ester ◽  
Rosin Ester

Rosin-modified lignosulfonates were prepared according to the following procedure: firstly, sulfomethylation of kraft lignin; secondly, preparation of 2,3-epoxypropyl ester of rosin; thirdly, preparation of modified-rosin lignosulfonates via etherification of sulfomethylated lignin with 2,3-epoxy propyl ester of rosin. Experimental results show that the optimum conditions for synthesis of 2,3-epoxy propyl ester of rosin are as follows: molar ratio for n(rosin): n (epichlorohydrin): n (NaOH) is1:6:1, reaction temperature is 100 °C(for rosin ester) and 75 °C(for 2,3-epoxypropyl ester of rosin, the same below), reaction time is 5.5 h and 3 h respectively. When molar ratio of lignosulfonate to 2,3-epoxypropylester of rosin is 1/5, rosin-modified lignosulfonates were prepared at 55 °Cfor 4.5 h with pH 11.5. Hydrophilic sulfonic group and the lipophilic adbietic group were incorporated into the molecular structure of kraft lignin via corresponding reactions. The surface tension of 10 g/L aqueous solution of rosin-modified lignosulfonate is 49.3 mN/m.

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