scholarly journals Scapula Kinematics of Youth Baseball Players

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen Oliver ◽  
Wendi Weimar
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Scapular Kinematics ◽  
Dynamic Movement ◽  
Youth Baseball ◽  
History Of ◽  
Posterior Tilt

Abstract Literature has revealed the importance of quantifying resting scapular posture in overhead athletes as well as quantifying scapular kinematics during dynamic movement. Prior to this project much of the attention in throwing research had been focused on the position of the humerus without description of the positioning of the scapula. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to present scapular kinematics during pitching in youth baseball players. Twenty-five youth baseball players (age 11.3 + 1.0 years; body height 152.4 + 9.0 cm; body mass 47.5 + 11.3 kg), with no history of injury, participated in the study. Scapular kinematics at the events of maximum humeral external rotation (MER) and maximum humeral internal rotation (MIR) during the pitching motion were assessed three-dimensionally while pitching fastballs for strikes. Results revealed that at the event of MER, the scapula was in a position of retraction, upward rotation and a posterior tilt. While at the event of MIR, the scapula was protracted, upward rotated and tilted anteriorly.

scholarly journals Associations Among Hip and Shoulder Range of Motion and Shoulder Injury in Professional Baseball Players

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Scher ◽  
Kyle Anderson ◽  
Nick Weber ◽  
Jeff Bajorek ◽  
Kevin Rand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hip Extension

Abstract Context: The overhead throwing motion is complex, and restrictions in range of motion (ROM) at the hip may place additional demands on the shoulder that lead to injury. However, the relationship between hip and shoulder ROM in athletes with and without a history of shoulder injury is unknown. Objective: To (1) determine if differences exist in hip and shoulder ROM between professional baseball players with a history of shoulder injury and those with no history of shoulder injury and (2) assess relationships between hip and shoulder ROM in these players. Design: Cross-sectional study. Patients or Other Participants: Fifty-seven professional baseball players. Main Outcome Measure(s): Outcome measures consisted of hip extension and internal rotation, shoulder internal and external rotation, glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit, and history of shoulder injury. Differences in shoulder and hip ROM were assessed with a 1-way analysis of variance. Associations between hip and shoulder ROM were assessed with linear regression. Results: Nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury had more external rotation and less internal rotation of the shoulder than nonpitchers with no history of shoulder injury. Glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit was greater in both pitchers and nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury. The relationship between dominant hip extension and shoulder external rotation was significant for pitchers with a history of shoulder injury and nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury. Conclusions: Shoulder injury may be associated with specific measures of hip and shoulder ROM, and hip extension and shoulder external rotation may be related in baseball players with a history of shoulder injury. Additional research is necessary to understand the specific mechanisms of shoulder injury in the throwing athlete.

scholarly journals Glenohumeral Rotation and Scapular Position Adaptations After a Single High School Female Sports Season

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen John Thomas ◽  
Kathleen A. Swanik ◽  
Charles Swanik ◽  
Kellie C. Huxel
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Multiple Group ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Elbow Surgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Female Sports

Abstract Context: Anterior instability and impingement are common in overhead athletes and have been associated with decreases in internal rotation (IR) and increases in external rotation (ER) motion. However, the chronology and the effect of different female sports on these conditions have yet to be determined. Objective: To measure glenohumeral IR and ER rotation, total range of motion, and scapular position in female overhead athletes over a single competitive season. Design: Multiple group pretest-posttest study. Setting: High school. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-six female overhead athletes (age  =  15.29 ± 1.18 years, height  =  164.16 ± 7.14 cm, mass  =  58.24 ± 9.54 kg) with no history of shoulder or elbow surgery participating in high school swimming, volleyball, or tennis. Intervention(s): Participants were measured for all dependent variables at preseason and postseason. Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants were measured for glenohumeral IR and ER with the scapula stabilized. Total glenohumeral range of motion was calculated as the sum of IR and ER. Scapular upward rotation was measured at 0°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of glenohumeral abduction in the scapular plane, and scapular protraction was measured at 0°, 45° (hands on hips), and 90° of glenohumeral abduction. Results: Internal rotation decreased from preseason to postseason (P  =  .012). Swimmers had less IR than both volleyball and tennis players (P  =  .001). External rotation also decreased in the swimmers (P  =  .001). Overall, preseason to postseason total motion decreased for athletes participating in swimming (P  =  .001) and tennis (P  =  .019). For all participants, preseason to postseason scapular protraction at 45° glenohumeral abduction decreased (P  =  .007). Conclusions: Female overhead athletes demonstrated decreases in IR after only one competitive season. Clinically, our results indicate that overhead athletes should be monitored for motion changes throughout their competitive seasons.

Serratus Anterior Fatigue Reduces Scapular Posterior Tilt and External Rotation During Arm Elevation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nathan Harrison ◽  
W. Zach Garrett ◽  
Mark K. Timmons
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Scapular Kinematics ◽  
Fatigue Protocol ◽  
Posterior Tilt ◽  
Arm Elevation ◽  
Arm Motion

Context: Fatigue of the scapular stabilizing muscles resulting from repeated arm motion has been reported to alter scapular kinematics, which could result in shoulder pathology, especially impingement. Objective: This study aimed to examine the effects of fatigue of the serratus anterior muscle on scapular kinematics, specifically, decrease scapular posterior tilt and upward scapular rotation during arm elevation. Design: Repeated measures. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: Thirty participants were included in the investigation. Interventions: Scapular kinematics and shoulder strength were measured before and immediately following a serratus anterior fatigue protocol. Main Outcome: Scapular 3-dimensional position during arm elevation. Results: No difference in upward rotation of the scapula between prefatigue and postfatigue conditions (ascending: P = .188; descending: P = .798). Scapular posterior tilt decreased during arm elevation following the fatigue protocol between 60° and 90° and 90° and 120° of arm elevation during the ascent (P = .004) and the descent (P = .013). Fatigue by arm elevation angle interaction was found for clavicular elevation during the ascent (P = .050) between 90° and 120° of arm elevation. Scapular internal rotation increased during the ascent (P = .027). There was no difference in clavicular protraction between the prefatigue and postfatigue conditions (ascending: P ≤ .001; descending: P ≤ .001). Conclusion: Fatigue of the serratus anterior decreases posterior scapular tilt and greater clavicular elevation and scapular internal rotation at higher arm elevation angles. These findings are consistent with the scapular kinematic patterns associated with shoulder pain. Improving serratus anterior endurance might delay the changes in scapular kinematics associated with repeated arm motion and shoulder injury mechanisms.

Hip internal and external rotation range of motion reliability in youth baseball players

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett S. Bullock ◽  
Edward C. Beck ◽  
Gary S. Collins ◽  
Stephanie R. Filbay ◽  
Kristen F. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Youth Baseball

GIRD syndrome in male handball and volleyball players: Is the decrease of total range of motion the turning point to pathology?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jonas Schmalzl ◽  
Helen Walter ◽  
Wolfram Rothfischer ◽  
Sören Blaich ◽  
Christian Gerhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Constant Score ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
Total Range ◽  
Volleyball Players

BACKGROUND: Adaptations in glenohumeral range of motion may affect overhead athletes and lead to shoulder pathologies. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and postero-superior impingement among male handball and volleyball players and the relationship between these pathologies and training level (amateur vs. professional), position (attack vs. no attack), experience (> 5 years vs. < 5 years) and sports. METHODS: Sixty-seven handball players and 67 volleyball players with a mean age of 25 [± 5] years were included. The range of motion including external and internal rotation in 90∘ abduction of the dominant and non-dominant shoulder was measured of each examined athlete. Visual analogue scale, disabilities of the shoulder and hand score, constant score and subjective shoulder value were recorded. The athletes were examined for postero-superior impingement and abduction force was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: Internal rotation was significantly lower and external rotation was significantly greater in the dominant arm for both sports. 72% presented with GIRD. GIRD was more prevalent in athletes active for > 5 years (odds ratio (OR) 3), in those training > 3 times per week (OR 1.4) and in handball players (OR 2.7). 24% presented with postero-superior impingement. Players active for > 5 years (OR 1.22), professionals (OR 1.14), volleyball players (OR 1.19), offensive players (OR 2.2) and athletes with GIRD > 10∘ (OR 1.5) showed a higher prevalence of postero-superior impingement. CONCLUSION: GIRD is a common phenomenon in handball and volleyball players. Offensive players are frequently suffering from postero-superior impingement. GIRD > 10∘ leads in nearly 75% of the athletes to a decrease of total range of motion and a high rate of postero-superior impingement. Thus, a decreased range of motion seems to be the turning point from adaptation to pathology. Therefore, regular controls of range of motion and countermeasures by means of stretching the posterior shoulder joint should be integrated in the training content.

Internal- and External-Rotation Peak Torque in Little League Baseball Players With Subacromial Impingement Syndrome: Improved by Closed Kinetic Chain Shoulder Training

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Rour Lee ◽  
Laurentius Jongsoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Subacromial Impingement Syndrome ◽  
Subacromial Impingement ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Little League ◽  
Youth Baseball ◽  
Closed Kinetic Chain

Context:Many studies have explored closed kinetic chain (CKC) shoulder exercises (SEs) with a sling because they are safer and more effective than open-chain exercises, especially in early stages of treatment. However, the application of CKC SE in youth baseball players has rarely been attempted, although teenage baseball players also experience shoulder pain.Objective:To investigate the effects of CKC SE on the peak torque of shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) in youth baseball players.Design:Single-group pretest, posttest.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:23 Little League Baseball players with subacromial impingement syndrome.Interventions:The CKC SE with a sling was CKC shoulder-flexion exercise, extension exercise, IR exercise, and ER exercise. This exercise regimen was conducted 2 or 3 times/wk for 8 wk.Main Outcome Measures:The peak torque of shoulder IR and ER was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Concentric shoulder rotation was performed, with 5 repetitions at an angular velocity of 60°/s and 15 at 180°/s.Results:The IR and ER peak torque significantly increased at each angular velocity after the exercise program. In particular, the increase in IR and ER peak torque values was statistically significant at an angular velocity of 180°/s.Conclusions:CKC SE was effective in increasing shoulder IR and ER strength, demonstrating its potential benefits in the prevention and treatment of shoulder injury. In addition, increased IR peak torque appears to improve throwing velocity in baseball players.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Shoulder Range of Motion and Arm Stress in College Pitchers: A MOTUS Baseball Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7_suppl6) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0040
Author(s):  
Caleb Gulledge ◽  
Toufic Jildeh ◽  
Joseph Tramer ◽  
Fabien Meta ◽  
Kevin Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shoulder Range

Objectives: Overuse injuries in overhead athletes are becoming more prevalent, with an unclear relationship between shoulder biomechanics and medial elbow symptoms and injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of shoulder range of motion to torque across the medial elbow in college pitchers using a validated MOTUS sensor baseball sleeve. Methods: Pitchers were recruited from three local university baseball teams. Exclusion criteria included injury or restricted activity due to pain. They were evaluated in the preseason, within two weeks before their first game of the season. Pitchers completed workload questionnaires and patient reported outcome measurement information system (PROMIS) pain interference (PI), physical function (PF), and upper extremity (UE) surveys. Shoulder range of motion and upper extremity lengths were measured bilaterally. After adequate warm-up, pitchers were fitted with a MOTUS sensor baseball sleeve (Motus Global, Massapequa, NY) and instructed to throw 5 fastballs in a standardized manner off the mound at game-speed effort. The sensor placed at the medial elbow reported elbow torque, arm speed, arm slot, and shoulder rotation for each pitch, while a radar gun measured peak ball velocity. The primary outcome was to evaluate the relationship between shoulder range of motion and increased stress across the medial elbow. Additional outcomes evaluated pitcher characteristics, demographics, and outcome scores. Outcomes were assessed via a multivariable model, which controlled for possible covariates. Results: Twenty-eight pitchers were included in the preseason analysis with an average (SD) age of 20.1 (1.3) years and playing experience of 15.3 (1.8) years, 2.5 (1.2) of those years at collegiate level. The dominant shoulder demonstrated decreased internal rotation (54.5+/-10.6 vs 65.8+/-9.1) and increased external rotation (ER, 94.1+/-10.4 vs 88.4+/-9.2) relative to the non-dominant side (p < 0.001), while total rotational range of motion (TRROM) was significantly decreased in the dominant arm (148.6+/-12.4 vs 154.1+/-10.6, p < 0.001). The average glenohumeral internal rotation deficiency (GIRD) was 11.3 (9.87) and average external rotation gain (ERG) was 5.71 (8.8). External rotation was found to be a predictor of arm stress, with an increase in 0.35 Nm of elbow torque for every degree increase in ER (beta = 0.35+/-0.06, p = 0.003); there was moderate correlation between ER and arm stress (r = .45, P<.001). Pitchers demonstrated significantly greater arm stress with the following shoulder ROM measurements: GIRD < 20 as compared to greater than 20 degrees (46.6 +/- 0.5 versus 43.5 +/- 1.1, P=.011), ERG greater than 5 as compared to < 5 degrees (47.4 +/- 0.7 versus 45.1 +/- 0.6, P=.014), and loss of total rotational ROM less than 5 as compared to > 5 degrees (46.6 +/- 0.5 versus 43.6 +/- 1.1, P=.013). Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant predictors of PROMIS PF and UE scores were arm stress, ERG, and GIRD (p<0.05), while increased PROMIS PI scores were predicted by increased ERG and GIRD (p<0.05). Conclusion: We found medial elbow stress, arm speed, arm slot, and shoulder rotation as measured by the MOTUS baseball sensor sleeve were influenced by rotational adaptations of the pitching shoulder in collegiate throwing athletes prior to their season. Likewise, arm stress and shoulder rotational adaptations were reflected as predictors of PROMIS PF, UE, and PI scores.

scholarly journals Shoulder External Rotation Fatigue and Scapular Muscle Activation and Kinematics in Overhead Athletes

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mithun Joshi ◽  
Charles A. Thigpen ◽  
Kevin Bunn ◽  
Spero G. Karas ◽  
Darin A. Padua
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fatigue ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Scapular Kinematics ◽  
Fatigue Protocol ◽  
Upper Trapezius ◽  
Lower Trapezius

Context: Glenohumeral external rotation (GH ER) muscle fatigue might contribute to shoulder injuries in overhead athletes. Few researchers have examined the effect of such fatigue on scapular kinematics and muscle activation during a functional movement pattern. Objective: To examine the effects of GH ER muscle fatigue on upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and infraspinatus muscle activation and to examine scapular kinematics during a diagonal movement task in overhead athletes. Setting: Human performance research laboratory. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Patients or Other Participants: Our study included 25 overhead athletes (15 men, 10 women; age = 20 ± 2 years, height = 180 ± 11 cm, mass = 80 ± 11 kg) without a history of shoulder pain on the dominant side. Intervention(s): We tested the healthy, dominant shoulder through a diagonal movement task before and after a fatiguing exercise involving low-resistance, high-repetition, prone GH ER from 0° to 75° with the shoulder in 90° of abduction. Main Outcome Measure(s): Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activity for the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and infraspinatus. An electromyographic motion analysis system was used to assess 3-dimensional scapular kinematics. Repeated-measures analyses of variance (phase × condition) were used to test for differences. Results: We found a decrease in ascending-phase and descending-phase lower trapezius activity (F1,25 = 5.098, P = .03) and an increase in descending-phase infraspinatus activity (F1,25 = 5.534, P = .03) after the fatigue protocol. We also found an increase in scapular upward rotation (F1,24 = 3.7, P = .04) postfatigue. Conclusions: The GH ER muscle fatigue protocol used in this study caused decreased lower trapezius and increased infraspinatus activation concurrent with increased scapular upward rotation range of motion during the functional task. This highlights the interdependence of scapular and glenohumeral force couples. Fatigue-induced alterations in the lower trapezius might predispose the infraspinatus to injury through chronically increased activation.

scholarly journals Scapular Kinematics and Shoulder Elevation in a Traditional Push-Up

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 826-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Suprak ◽  
Jennifer Bohannon ◽  
Gabriel Morales ◽  
Joseph Stroschein ◽  
Jun G. San Juan
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Spine Injury ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Scapular Kinematics ◽  
Posterior Tilt ◽  
Shoulder Position ◽  
Shoulder Elevation ◽  
Push Up

Context: Proper scapulothoracic motion is critical for the health and function of the shoulder and represents a principal focus in the rehabilitation setting. Variants of the traditional push-up are used frequently to help restore proper scapular kinematics. To date, substantial research has focused on muscle activation levels of rotator cuff and scapular-stabilizing musculature, whereas a dearth of literature exists regarding scapular kinematics during push-up variants. Objective: To examine the effect of shoulder position on scapular kinematics across the range of motion (ROM) of a traditional push-up. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Sixteen healthy participants without a history of upper extremity or spine injury requiring rehabilitation or surgery. Intervention(s): Participants performed a traditional push-up while kinematic measurements were acquired from multiple upper extremity segments. The 3 shoulder position conditions were (1) self-selected position, (2) shoulder adducted upon ascent (at side), and (3) shoulder elevated to approximately 90°. Main Outcome Measure(s): Scapular posterior tilt, upward rotation, and external rotation were examined across elbow-extension ROM and compared across conditions. Results: Posterior tilt was greater in the self-selected and at-side conditions than in the elevated condition and increased linearly with elbow extension. External rotation was greater in the self-selected and at-side conditions compared with that in the elevated condition. In the at-side condition, upward rotation began lower than in the other conditions at the start of the concentric phase but increased above the others soon after the elbow started to extend. Conclusions: Performing a traditional push-up with the shoulders elevated may place the scapula in a position of impingement. Clinicians should be cognizant of shoulder elevation when prescribing and monitoring exercise progression. The results of this study will provide further direction for clinicians in prescribing rehabilitation exercises for the upper extremity, especially closed chain exercises for shoulder conditions.

STRENGTHENING AND STABILIZATION EXERCISES IN PREVENTION OF SHOULDER INJURIES

sportlogia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
Bernarda Letnar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Daily Training ◽  
Stretching Exercises

The shoulder joint is the most flexible joint in the human body which experiences high loads during certain sport activities involving overhead motion. Overhead athletes experience rapid shoulder elevation, abduction and external rotation during the movement and rapid deceleration after the movement, making them susceptible to shoulder injuries. Due to the extreme ranges of motion, overhead athletes tend to develop increased external rotation, combined with decreased range of internal rotation, emphasizing the need for balanced shoulder care program in the training process to prevent such occurrences. The aim of the research paper was to develop training regimen for injury prevention and shoulder maintenance that can be incorporated in daily training activities of the athletes in order to decrease the occurrence of injuries. Three part training program was designed consisting of specific warm up, strengthening and stabilization exercises and stretching exercises. The aim of the specific warm up was to prepare the shoulder for the training loads, mimicking the overhead movements and stimulating the stabilization in the joint. Strengthening and stabilization exercises aimed to strengthen external rotators in the shoulder and improve the stabilization of the shoulder joint by targeting specific muscles such as serratus anterior. The focus of stretching exercises was to stretch internal rotation muscles, which experience high loads in the overhead athlete's training. An effective training program that can be performed with minimal equipment and in a short time frame was designed to enable its simple incorporation into the daily training of overhead athletes.

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