Hyponatremia in heart failure: not just 135 to 145

One of the most frequent in-hospital electrolyte disturbances is hyponatremia. Hyponatremia in heart failure (HF) is mainly associated with hypervolemia resulting from activation of baroreceptor-mediated hormones, such as arginine vasopressin (AVP), renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, and catecholamines. Various electrolyte imbalance can occur as heart failure progress. The goal of this review was to outline the current literature on hyponatremia in HF patients.