Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome that affects millions of people worldwide. Recent studies have demonstrated that protein kinase C (PKC) activation plays an important role in hyperglycemia-induced atherosclerosis. PKC activation is involved in several cellular responses such as the expression of various growth factors, activation of signaling pathways, and enhancement of oxidative stress in hyperglycemia. However, the role of PKC activation in pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic mechanisms remains controversial, especially under hyperglycemic condition. In this review, we discuss the role of different PKC isoforms in lipid regulation, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. These intracellular events are linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes. PKC deletion or treatment with PKC inhibitors has been studied in the regulation of atherosclerotic plaque formation and evolution. Furthermore, some preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that PKCβ and PKCδ are potential targets for the treatment of diabetic vascular complications. The current review summarizes these multiple signaling pathways and cellular responses regulated by PKC activation and the potential therapeutic targets of PKC in diabetic complications.
Modulation of Rat Rotational Behavior by Direct Gene Transfer of Constitutively Active Protein Kinase C into Nigrostriatal Neurons