scholarly journals Putting together pieces of the lateral septum: multifaceted functions and its neural pathways

eNeuro ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. ENEURO.0315-21.2021
Author(s):  
Candace A. Rizzi-Wise ◽  
Dong V. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Septum ◽  
Neural Pathways

scholarly journals Perifornical Area Urocortin-3 Neurons Promote Infant-directed Neglect and Aggression

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita E Autry ◽  
Zheng Wu ◽  
Johannes Kohl ◽  
Dhananjay Bambah-Mukku ◽  
Nimrod D Rubinstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventromedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Lateral Septum ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Young Offspring ◽  
Urocortin 3 ◽  
Males And Females

SUMMARYMammals invest considerable resources in protecting and nurturing young offspring. However, under certain physiological and environmental conditions, animals neglect or attack young conspecifics. Males in some species attack unfamiliar infants to gain reproductive advantage1–3 and females kill or neglect their young during stressful circumstances such as food shortage or threat of predation4–8. In humans, stress is a risk factor in both sexes for peripartum disorders and associated impairments in parent-infant interactions9. While recent studies have uncovered dedicated neural pathways mediating the positive control of parenting10–13, the regulation of infant-directed neglect and aggression and the relationship between these behaviours and stress are poorly understood. Here we show that urocortin-3 (Ucn3)-expressing neurons in the perifornical area (PeFAUcn3) of the hypothalamus are activated during infant-directed attacks in males and females, but not other forms of aggression. Opto- and chemogenetic manipulations of PeFAUcn3 neurons demonstrate the role of this neuronal population in the negative control of parenting in both males and females. PeFAUcn3 neurons receive input from areas associated with vomeronasal sensing, stress, and parenting, and send major projections to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), ventral lateral septum (LSv) and amygdalohippocampal area (AHi). Optogenetic activation of PeFAUcn3 axon terminals in these regions triggers different aspects of infant-directed agonistic responses, such as neglect and aggression. Thus, PeFAUcn3 neurons emerge as a critical hub for the expression of infant-directed neglect and aggression, providing a new framework to examine the positive and negative regulation of parenting.

Optometric Vision Therapy for Visual Deficits and Dysfunctions: A Suggested Model for Evidence-Based Practice

2015 ◽  
pp. 290-339
Keyword(s):  
Speech Therapy ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Visual Deficits ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Functional Vision ◽  
Vision Therapy

Evidence from neural science supports a neuroplasticity thesis where the development and rehabilitation of functional neural pathways can be facilitated by management of biological factors, central processing and environmental interactions. Healthy eyes and clear sight are not themselves sufficient for efficient functional vision. How a person uses vision determines their operational skill. Efficient functional vision requires dynamic interactions between and within visual receptive and reflexive biology, acquired neural networks that serve basic visual inspection processes and visuo-cognitive operational patterns driving top down visual – spatial analysis and problem solving. This presentation is a review and discussion of evidence-based practice (EBP) principles that we utilise in clinical neuro-developmental and rehabilitative optometric vision therapy (OVT) for selected visual deficits and dysfunctions. OVT services, like other collaborative therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy, speech therapy and occupational therapy, must progressively adapt to new knowledge and advancing technology through EBP. Clinical services directed at treatable neuro-developmental and acquired dynamic functional vision problems require the application of an emerging set of principles resulting from systematic logic and EBP related to the art and science of case analysis, practice management and OVT delivery.

Current Strategies and Novel Drug Approaches for Alzheimer Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 676-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roma Ghai ◽  
Kandasamy Nagarajan ◽  
Meenakshi Arora ◽  
Parul Grover ◽  
Nazakat Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Amyloid Plaque ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Traditional Therapies ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic, devastating dysfunction of neurons in the brain leading to dementia. It mainly arises due to neuronal injury in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus area of the brain and is clinically manifested as a progressive mental failure, disordered cognitive functions, personality changes, reduced verbal fluency and impairment of speech. The pathology behind AD is the formation of intraneuronal fibrillary tangles, deposition of amyloid plaque and decline in choline acetyltransferase and loss of cholinergic neurons. Tragically, the disease cannot be cured, but its progression can be halted. Various cholinesterase inhibitors available in the market like Tacrine, Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, etc. are being used to manage the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The paper’s objective is to throw light not only on the cellular/genetic basis of the disease, but also on the current trends and various strategies of treatment including the use of phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Enormous literature survey was conducted and published articles of PubMed, Scifinder, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials.org and Alzheimer Association reports were studied intensively to consolidate the information on the strategies available to combat Alzheimer’s disease. Currently, several strategies are being investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Immunotherapies targeting amyloid-beta plaques, tau protein and neural pathways are undergoing clinical trials. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotide methodologies are being approached as therapies for its management. Phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals are also gaining attention in overcoming the symptoms related to AD. The present review article concludes that novel and traditional therapies simultaneously promise future hope for AD treatment.

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