We have investigated the rapid changes in plasma prolactin and arginine vasopressin (AVP) associated with water satiation in ruminants. Sheep deprived of water for 72 h were allowed voluntary access to ad libitum water. Each sheep drank approximately 5 liters in a single draft. This was performed in a head-down position, which was maintained for approximately 2-3 min and ceased rapidly with an abrupt movement to the upright position. During dehydration, plasma sodium, osmolality, and AVP all increased significantly, but prolactin was unaffected. On rehydration, AVP fell to basal levels within 5 min, but prolactin increased as a short pulse, after which it rapidly fell again. Plasma sodium and osmolality returned to predehydration levels within 6 h of satiation. A possible role of dopaminergic mechanisms in these responses was investigated by the administration of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine or the antagonist metoclopramide. Neither of these agents had any observable effects on the drinking behavior of the sheep during water satiation. During metoclopramide treatment, dehydration was associated with a marked fall in prolactin, and on rehydration there was a prompt and very marked increase in prolactin level. There was also an exaggerated increase of AVP during dehydration and a decrease on rehydration. Bromocriptine had relatively little effect on prolactin responses but prevented the drinking-associated inhibition of AVP, demonstrating an unexpected dissociation between AVP secretion and the stereotyped drinking response.
Optogenetic approaches for the analysis of the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the development of alcohol dependence: from correlations to mechanisms
