Impact of large human constructions on a karst river hydrology: Case of the Cetina river (Dinaric karst)

The paper studies drastic hydrological changes caused by construction of five reservoirs and six hydro-electric power plants (HEPP), built mostly in the 1960s, along the watercourse of the karst river Cetina, located in deep and well-developed Dinaric karst. The total river length from its spring to mouth in the Adriatic Sea is about 105 km. Discharges are monitored at nine gauging stations and then compared using statistical methods. Discharges measured before construction of hydraulic structures were compared with discharges measured afterwards. Analysis of the results determined that the complex natural hydrologic regime has been completely destroyed. The hydrology of the upper river, from the spring to the Prančevići Dam (length of about 65 km), is changed by the development and operation of the Peruča Reservoir and the Peruča HEPP, as well as the Lipa and the Buško Blato Reservoirs and Buško Blato and Orlovac HEPPs. Water diversion from the Prančevići Reservoir through two tunnels and pipelines to power the Zakučac HEPP has dangerously altered hydrological regime of the Cetina River’s 40 km-long downstream section. In the 65 km-long upstream section, instantaneously after the Peruča Reservoir putting in operation. In the downstream section the majority of natural flow is lost. The mean annual discharges dropped from more than 100 m3 s-1 to less than 10 m3 s-1. Due to HEPPs operation, minimum annual discharges have drastically and dangerously decreased.

Download Full-text

Acidity of Snow and its Reduction by Alkaline Aerosols

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/1985aog6-1-92-94 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 92-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Motoi Kumai

Keyword(s):

Electric Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽

Electric Power Plants ◽

Ph Values ◽

Calcium Silicon ◽

The Mean ◽

Snow Crystals ◽

Snow Samples

Snow crystals scavenge aerosols in the atmosphere during the processes of growth and precipitation. Several kinds of flyash are found in acid snow by scanning electron microscope examination. Flyash particles from coal fired electric power plants in Fairbanks, Alaska, were found to be spherical or irregular in shape with a 0.2 to 50μm diameter, and were rich in calcium, silicon, aluminum and iron. The pH of 35 snow samples in Fairbanks ranged from 5.60 to 7.48. The acid snow was changed to alkaline snow by dry fallout of calcium-rich flyash from the electric power plants, which were using calcium-rich Alaskan coal.Flyash particles from three oil fired heating plants in Hanover, New Hampshire, were spherical and 10 to 80 μm in diameter, with gas escape holes, and were always sulfur rich. The pH values of fresh snow from 44 snowfalls were measured to range from pH 3.96 to 5.45 in Hanover. The mean hydrogen ion concentration was calculated to be 10-448 mol/L for 22 snowfalls in 1980-84, and 10-4 mol/L for 22 snowfalls in 1972-73.

Download Full-text

Acidity of Snow and its Reduction by Alkaline Aerosols

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0260305500010077 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 92-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Motoi Kumai

Keyword(s):

Electric Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽

Electric Power Plants ◽

Ph Values ◽

Calcium Silicon ◽

The Mean ◽

Snow Crystals ◽

Snow Samples

Snow crystals scavenge aerosols in the atmosphere during the processes of growth and precipitation. Several kinds of flyash are found in acid snow by scanning electron microscope examination. Flyash particles from coal fired electric power plants in Fairbanks, Alaska, were found to be spherical or irregular in shape with a 0.2 to 50μm diameter, and were rich in calcium, silicon, aluminum and iron. The pH of 35 snow samples in Fairbanks ranged from 5.60 to 7.48. The acid snow was changed to alkaline snow by dry fallout of calcium-rich flyash from the electric power plants, which were using calcium-rich Alaskan coal. Flyash particles from three oil fired heating plants in Hanover, New Hampshire, were spherical and 10 to 80 μm in diameter, with gas escape holes, and were always sulfur rich. The pH values of fresh snow from 44 snowfalls were measured to range from pH 3.96 to 5.45 in Hanover. The mean hydrogen ion concentration was calculated to be 10-4 48 mol/L for 22 snowfalls in 1980-84, and 10-4 mol/L for 22 snowfalls in 1972-73.

Download Full-text

Optimizing the Value-to-Cost Ratio for Central Receiver Electric Power Plants

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.3268307 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 111 (3) ◽

pp. 193-203

Author(s):

James A. Dirks ◽

Clement J. Chiang

Keyword(s):

Energy Cost ◽

Power Plants ◽

Thermal Power ◽

Computer Code ◽

Weather Data ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Electric Power Plants ◽

A Value ◽

Central Receiver ◽

Solar Plant

Typically, solar thermal power plants are designed to minimize the levelized energy cost. However, to maximize the benefit of a solar plant and, hence, maximize the wealth of an investor or a utility, a solar plant should be designed and operated with the objective of maximizing the value-to-cost ratio. This paper describes a value and cost analysis of solar central receiver power plants using molten salt external receiver technology. These plants were assumed to operate within the service area of the Southern California Edison Company. The SOLERGY computer code was used to simulate the performance of the solar plants using 1984 weather data for Barstow, California. A value-maximizing dispatch strategy that uses thermal storage to shift operation of the turbine from nonpeak demand periods to the utility’s peak demand period, is shown to greatly increase the value of a solar central receiver power plant with little increase in the levelized energy cost. Results are presented as functions of storage capacity, type of dispatch strategy, size of the field relative to the turbine, and turbine size.

Download Full-text