scholarly journals GAMTINIŲ BŪTYBIŲ MORALINIŲ TEISIŲ NEANTROPOCENTRINIAI ETINIAI ARGUMENTAI

Problemos ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
Jūratė Mackevičiūtė ◽  
Skaidrė Žičkienė
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Ecological Ethics ◽  
Moral Basis ◽  
Animal Farms ◽  
Main Representative

Straipsnyje analizuojami žmogaus ir gamtos santykio sampratos aspektai, parodant, kad išplečiama nežmogiškųjų gyvųjų būtybių teisių sfera, pripažįstant gyviems ir negyviems gamtos objektams vidinę vertę, nustatomą pagal moralinius, estetinius ir kitokius kriterijus, ypač matant gyvūnų gebėjimą jausti skausmą, taip pat vadovaujantis nuostata, kad individo teisės laikytinos svarbesnėmis nei visos grupės. XVII amžiuje J. Locke’as teigė, kad kiekvienas žmogus, neatsižvelgiant į rasę ir lytį, turi prigimtines teises į gyvenimą, laisvę, sveikatą, laimės siekimą. Plėtodami aplinkosauginę teoriją ir praktiką, XX amžiaus ekofilosofai moralinių teisių teorijà išplėtė iki natūralios gamtos ir jos objektų, gyviems ir negyviems objektams priskirdami prigimtinų, moralinių teisių kategoriją. Jeigu objektas turi moralinį statusą, tai jis turi ir moralines teises. Apžvelgiami du galimi gyvūnų prigimtinių teisių įrodymai: utilitaristinis ir deontologinis. Apibendrinamos gyvūnų teisių gynėjų pozicijos. Reikšminiai žodžiai: prigimtinė (moralinė) teisė, deontologinis požiūris, utilitarizmas, T. Reganas, P. Singeris. ARGUMENTS ON NONANTROPOCENTRIC ETHICAL NATURE’S RIGHTSJūratė Mackevičiūtė, Skaidrė Žičkienė Summary In this article the authors explore preconditions of nonantropocentric ethical nature’s rights. In the 17th century J. Locke proposed a concept of innate rights, maintaining that every man has innate rights to life, freedom, health, striving for happiness. These rights are different from legal rights, which have legal and moral basis recognized by everybody. However, according to Locke, nature has no innate moral rights. Three centuries later, this theory was expanded to nature and its objects, both animate and inanimate by applying the category of innate moral rights. This was performed by Western ecophilosophers, when they were developing theory and practice of protecting the environment. Nowadays the ecological ethics presents two possible proofs of animals’ innate (moral) rights: utilitarianistic and deontological. According to P. Singer, the main representative of the utilitarianistic trend, every live being deserves attention not because of its reason, but because of its ability to feel. The views of T. Regan, the most prominent representative of the deontological trend, are far more radical, as he demands not to reform human’s behaviour towards nature but to end the existence of animal farms and to forbid both commercial and sports hunting. In the context of ecological ethics, protectors of animals’ rights define their trend as the whole of ideas about moral and legal human’s behaviour towards animals. Keywords: innate moral rights, utilitarianistic trend, deontological trend, T. Regan, P. Singer. 

Legal Rights and Moral Rights

1973 ◽  
pp. 221-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex M. Capron
Keyword(s):  
Moral Rights ◽  
Legal Rights

scholarly journals Copyright and Copyright Protection

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Safet Emruli ◽  
Agim Nuhiu ◽  
Besa Kadriu
Keyword(s):  
Copyright Protection ◽  
Key Agreement ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Financial Reward ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Bern Convention ◽  
Artistic Works ◽  
The Right

One of the legal intellectual property disciplines are copyrights which concerns artistic and literary works. Copyright is: bundle of exclusive legal rights that has to do with protection of literary and artistic works. It is granted to authors and artists to protect expressive works against unauthorized reproduction or distribution by third parties. Copyright protect “works”, expression of thoughts and ideas. Literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works must be original, it means not to be a copy. Copyright covers two other types of right: economic rights, the right of the owner to benefit financial reward from use of his work by others and moral rights which always have to do with original holder no matter if economic rights are transferred or not. Economic rights can be transferred. Bern Convention for the Protection of the Literary and Artistic Works is international key agreement and the oldest multilateral agreement in the field of copyright. Copyright subsists automatically on the creation of a work, no application needed, nor do any formalities apply. Nature of copyright is territorial and the minimum term of protection is life of the author plus 50 years after his/her death. In European Union and in certain number of countries, terms of protections of are extended to life of the author plus 70 years after his/her death.

Legal Rights and Moral Rights: Old Questions and New Problems*

Ratio Juris ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMARTYA SEN
Keyword(s):  
Moral Rights ◽  
Legal Rights

Human Rights

Philosophy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John-Stewart Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Widespread Agreement

There is an enormous range of contemporary and rapidly expanding literature on human rights that pervades almost every area of human life. This entry cannot do justice to all of these areas and would inevitably fail to cover all aspects of the philosophy of human rights. Here, the goal is more modest: offering a primary overview of the thorny literature and many vital human rights issues that can become increasingly complex and muddled. The concept of human rights, however, came to particular prominence in the 20th century after World War II, due to the atrocities (e.g., genocide against the Jews) committed by the Nazis. Since then, the idea of human rights has become profoundly influential in many different fields such as ethics, applied ethics, political philosophy, political sciences, law, international law, medicine, and public health. This has led to the formation of a new area in philosophy called “the philosophy of human rights.” The very idea of human rights, however, is older and can be traced back to early religious ideas and the notion of natural rights in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Generally speaking, human rights are primarily universal moral norms that bind all people in all places at all times independently of any legal recognition. Whether there is a widespread agreement that all human beings have human rights simply because they are human beings is a matter of debate. However, there is currently no common ground with regard to the moral and legal justification or the ontological and epistemological status of human rights. Human rights are primarily universal moral rights and, secondly, international legal rights observed and enforced by nation-states. Despite major caveats concerning the theoretical foundations of human rights, most scholars nonetheless hold the view that there is a vital consensus on the practical importance of human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) (cited under Modern Documents), is the most important human rights document and contains at least seven groups of basic rights: security rights, due process rights, liberty rights, political rights, equality rights, social welfare rights, and group rights.

Denying Corporate Rights and Punishing Corporate Wrongs

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 517-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy J. Sepinwall
Keyword(s):  
Moral Status ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Corporate Rights ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Strategy I

ABSTRACT: Scholars addressing the moral status of corporations are motivated by a pair of conflicting anxieties: If corporations are not moral agents, we will be unable to blame them for their wrongs. But if corporations are moral agents, we will have to recognize corporate moral rights, and the legal rights that flow therefrom. In early and under-appreciated work, Tom Donaldson sought to allay both concerns at once: Corporations, he argued, are not moral persons, and so are not eligible for many of the rights that persons enjoy; but they are moral agents, and so ought to bear responsibility in many of the ways that persons do. This article offers a sympathetic critique of the Donaldsonian strategy. I argue that, as it has been elaborated, the strategy necessarily fails. Nonetheless the strategy embodies a worthy aim and so I seek to provide an alternative way to vindicate it.

L'ONERE DELLA PROVA. IL SANT'UFFIZIO, L'ATOMISMO E I MEDICI ROMANI*

Nuncius ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-87
Author(s):  
MARIA PIA DONATO
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Political ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Practice Of Medicine ◽  
Epistemological Model ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
The Church ◽  
Ultimate Nature

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The essay aims at addressing the debates on corpuscular theories in Rome within the context of the political and religious tensions of the late 17th century. Documents in the archives of the Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede allow us to outline the changing attitudes of the Church of Rome towards atomistic philosophy and to highlight the factional clashes within Roman institutions on the issue. These dynamics gave way to the Congresso Medico Romano of G. Brasavola and G.M. Lancisi, an academy which soon became the promoting agent of an eclectic corpuscular medicine. The Holy Office put the success of the moderns into question in 1690, after Alexander VIII had come to the throne. The attack was part of a general repression of atomism (also in Naples and Florence) but also of quietism and freethinking. Despite the crisis, the moderns were able to bind their corpuscularism to a strictly defined epistemological model. In the frame of the contemporary biomedical sciences, questions on the ultimate nature of atoms could be abandoned without dismissing the corpuscular theory and practice of medicine.

scholarly journals A Philosophical Argument for a Bill of Rights

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
CÉCILE FABRE
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Philosophical Argument ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Fundamental Interest ◽  
Liberal Tradition ◽  
Democratic State

This article seeks to show that the rights which protect people's autonomy should be entrenched in the constitution of a democratic state. It is firmly located in egalitarian liberal tradition, as it takes for valid the following claims: (1) people have a fundamental interest in autonomy; (2) people have rights that their interest in autonomy, and the interests to which it gives rise, be protected and promoted; (3) people's respective interests in autonomy must be protected equally. The argument for a bill of rights unfolds as follows: first, it is argued that we have autonomy-protecting rights not only against private individuals but also against the state, and the meaning of having such rights against the state is explained; then it is shown that it is legitimate to turn certain autonomy-protecting moral rights into legal rights, and that doing so in the case of the rights we have against the state amounts to turning them into constitutional rights; lastly, two objections to the argument deployed earlier are countered.

Coercive Inclusion in the Mexican War on Drugs: A Field Study of Human Rights and the State in Michoacán

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 91-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Wolfesberger
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Private Property ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Mexican War ◽  
Drug Trafficking Organizations ◽  
Derechos Humanos

Qualitative ethnographic study of the human rights violations committed in the course of the militarized combat against drug trafficking organizations in rural Michoacán unmasks state practices of coercive inclusion. The violation of human rights and the subsequent processing of human rights claims paradoxically bind the marginalized population to the formal state and foster its subordination. The practical configuration of the current arena of human rights is not the lever for a democratic, inclusive Mexico but a curtain that conceals the repressive practices that it makes possible. In the processing of human rights complaints, the legal rights of physical integrity and private property become moral rights with no effect of legal justice. Un estudio etnográfico cualitativo sobre las violaciones a los derechos humanos cometidas durante la lucha militarizada contra las organizaciones de tráfico de drogas en el Michoacán rural sirve para desenmascarar las prácticas de inclusión coercitiva del Estado. Las violaciones y el posterior procesamiento de las denuncias paradójicamente vinculan a la población marginada con el Estado oficial, fomentando su subordinación. La configuración práctica del actual contexto de los derechos humanos no funge como la palanca de un México democrático e inclusivo, sino como una cortina que oculta las prácticas represivas que el Estado hace posibles. En la tramitación de las denuncias sobre violación de derechos humanos, los derechos legales de la integridad física y la propiedad privada se convierten en derechos morales sin ningún efecto de justicia legal.

Legal Rights and Moral Rights

1976 ◽  
pp. 375-397
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Capron
Keyword(s):  
Moral Rights ◽  
Legal Rights
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