Medical Risks of Marijuana

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.1542/9781610022767 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽

Accidental Ingestion ◽

Secondary Exposure ◽

Recreational Use ◽

Medical Risks

In recent years, exposure to marijuana and other cannabinoids has become an increasing challenge. Legalization of marijuana for both medical and recreational use has already happened in some states, and more states are considering this. What is the risk of use or secondary exposure, including accidental ingestion, to marijuana or synthetic cannabinoids? https://shop.aap.org/pediatric-collections-medical-risks-of-marijuana-paperback/

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Chemical Burns from Secondary Exposure to Paraquat Through Mishandling Urine of a Patient with Toxic Exposure

Journal of Burn Care & Research ◽

10.1093/jbcr/irab052 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

H Denise Holley-Harrison ◽

David Cunningham ◽

Sai R Velamuri ◽

William L Hickerson ◽

David M Hill

Keyword(s):

Registered Nurse ◽

Burn Injury ◽

Foley Catheter ◽

Poison Control ◽

Severe Toxicity ◽

Accidental Ingestion ◽

Skin Exposure ◽

Secondary Exposure ◽

Relative Safety ◽

Initial Care

Abstract Paraquat is used throughout the world as an herbicide due to efficacy and relative safety with proper handling. Accidents and misuse still occur, leading to countries banning its use or employing extra safeguards and special handling certifications. Severe toxicity is primarily associated with ingestion, but skin exposure leads to corrosive injury to the dermis, occurs rapidly, and progresses for up to 24 hours. Prolonged skin exposure or the presence of open wounds can lead to systemic absorption. This is the first known report of burn injury and treatment due to secondary exposure to the urine of a patient who had accidental ingestion of paraquat. A 50-year-old Caucasian male presented to the emergency room after accidental ingestion of eight ounces of Gramoxone extra (Paraquat 30% concentration). During initial care of the patient, the bedside registered nurse was placing an indwelling foley catheter when her forearms were contaminated with urine, while wearing basic personal protective equipment (gloves). The registered nurse noticed bullae to bilateral forearms a short time after exposure to the urine. She presented to the burn center for evaluation and treatment. Poison Control was contacted but was unable to offer advise due to lack of supportive literature. The risk and effects of primary exposure to Paraquat is described throughout the literature and documented in MSDS, but data regarding risk and treatment of secondary exposure is lacking. This case will aid outreach efforts for prevention and treatment of burn injuries from secondary exposure to paraquat.

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Purity of Synthetic Cannabinoids Sold Online for Recreational Use

Journal of Analytical Toxicology ◽

10.1093/jat/bkr018 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 66-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Brett C. Ginsburg ◽

Lance R. McMahon ◽

Jesus J. Sanchez ◽

Martin A. Javors

Keyword(s):

Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽

Recreational Use

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A New Differential Diagnosis: Synthetic Cannabinoid-Associated Gross Hematuria

Case Reports in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/6327819 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Osamah Hasan ◽

Ankit A. Patel ◽

James J. Siegert

Keyword(s):

Unusual Case ◽

Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽

Fresh Frozen Plasma ◽

Health Concern ◽

Clinical Effects ◽

Gross Hematuria ◽

Fresh Frozen ◽

History Of ◽

Recreational Use ◽

Frozen Plasma

Recreational use of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), also known as “K2” or “Spice,” is becoming a major public-health concern due to their potential for abuse and harmful consequences. New substances are constantly being added to the content of SCs. The dearth of information on these newly added contents as they are introduced into the black market hinders risk assessments of these compounds. We report a highly unusual case of gross hematuria in a 28-year-old male patient after SC use. He was found to have a supratherapeutic INR with no history of prior anticoagulation. His hematuria resolved after four units of fresh-frozen plasma were administered. We include a literature review of the clinical effects of SCs and their possible mechanism of gross hematuria and management.

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The Synthetic Cannabinoids THJ-2201 and 5F-PB22 Enhance In Vitro CB1 Receptor-Mediated Neuronal Differentiation at Biologically Relevant Concentrations

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21176277 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (17) ◽

pp. 6277

Author(s):

João Alexandre ◽

Rui Malheiro ◽

Diana Dias da Silva ◽

Helena Carmo ◽

Félix Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neuronal Differentiation ◽

Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽

In Vitro Differentiation ◽

Neurite Length ◽

Neuronal Marker ◽

Biologically Relevant ◽

Specific Antagonist ◽

Recreational Use ◽

Potential Onset

Recreational use of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) before and during pregnancy poses a major public health risk, due to the potential onset of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. Herein, we report the assessment of the neurotoxic potential of two commonly abused SCs, THJ-2201 and 5F-PB22, particularly focusing on how they affect neuronal differentiation in vitro. Differentiation ratios, total neurite length, and neuronal marker expression were assessed in NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma cells exposed to the SCs at non-toxic, biologically relevant concentrations (≤1 μM), either in acute or repeated exposure settings. Both SCs enhanced differentiation ratios and total neurite length of NG108-15 cells near two-fold compared to vehicle-treated cells, in a CB1R activation-dependent way, as the CB1R blockade with a specific antagonist (SR141718) abrogated SC-induced effects. Interestingly, repeated 5F-PB22 exposure was required to reach effects similar to a single THJ-2201 dose. Cell viability and proliferation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and intracellular ATP levels were also determined. The tested SCs increased mitochondrial tetramethyl rhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) accumulation after 24 h at biologically relevant concentrations but did not affect any of the other toxicological parameters. Overall, we report firsthand the CB1R-mediated enhancement of neurodifferentiation by 5F-PB22 and THJ-2201 at biologically relevant concentrations.

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Recreational use of synthetic cannabinoids: prevalence, intoxication, side effects, addictive potential

Nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal «Patogenez» ◽

10.25557/2310-0435.2020.02.27-35 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 27-35

Author(s):

А.В. Анцыборов ◽

О.В. Камплицкая ◽

М.В. Овсянников ◽

К.В. Стадник ◽

Л.Ф. Панченко

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽

Drug Market ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Google Scholar ◽

Novel Psychoactive Substances ◽

Psychoactive Substances ◽

Urgent Task ◽

Addictive Potential ◽

Recreational Use

С появлением на нелегальном рынке наркотиков новых психоактивных веществ, одно из первых в данном классе стали занимать синтетические каннабиноиды (СК). СК в основном распространяются через сеть Интернет, с помощью онлайн мессенджеров, и VPN-сетей. Токсическое влияние СК на организм человека оказывается достаточно мощным и нередко заканчивается летальным исходом. Однако аддиктивный потенциал СК достаточно высок, и нуждается в дальнейшем изучении, особенно с появлением новых классов СК. Разработка дифференциально-диагностических критериев и терапевтических подходов при лечении острых психотических состояний, вызванных употреблением СК, представляется актуальной задачей для практического здравоохранения. Цель: обзор накопленных научных данных о последствиях рекреационного употребления СК на организм человека. Материалы: при написании обзора использовали следующие репрезентативные базы данных: PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Cochrane, платформы SciFinder, и Scopus. Методы: в качестве поисковых запросов использовались следующие ключевые слова: Spice, K2, synthetic cannabis, new psychoactive sub-stances (NPS), adverse effects, cannabinoid’s receptor, psychosis due to the use NPS, fatalities. Реферируемые статьи были отфильтрованы по тезисам, с целью определения релевантности для настоящего обзора. With the emergence of novel psychoactive substances in the illegal drug market, synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) became one of the first in this class. SCs are mainly distributed through the Internet, by online messengers and VPN networks. The toxic effect of SCs on the human body is quite powerful and often results in death. The addictive potential of SCs is rather high and needs further study, especially with the emergence of new SC classes. Development of differential diagnostic criteria and therapeutic approaches in the treatment of acute psychotic conditions caused by the use of SCs is an urgent task for practical health care. Objective: to review scientific data on consequences of the recreational use of SCs in humans. Materials: data from six representative databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Cochrane, the SciFinder platform, and Scopus, were used for this review. Methods: the following combinations and keywords were used as search queries: Spice, K2, synthetic cannabis, novel psychoactive substances (NPS), adverse effects, cannabinoid’s receptor, psychosis due to the use of NPS, fatalities. Peer-reviewed articles were filtered by abstracts to determine their relevance for the present review.

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Overview of Synthetic Cannabinoids ADB-FUBINACA and AMB-FUBINACA: Clinical, Analytical, and Forensic Implications

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14030186 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 186

Author(s):

Carolina Lobato-Freitas ◽

Andreia Machado Brito-da-Costa ◽

Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira ◽

Helena Carmo ◽

Félix Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scientific Literature ◽

Cannabinoid Receptor ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Drug Candidate ◽

Assessment And Treatment ◽

Neurological Effects ◽

Recreational Use ◽

Harmful Effects

ADB-FUBINACA and AMB-FUBINACA are two synthetic indazole-derived cannabinoid receptor agonists, up to 140- and 85-fold more potent, respectively, than trans-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC), the main psychoactive compound of cannabis. Synthesised in 2009 as a pharmaceutical drug candidate, the recreational use of ADB-FUBINACA was first reported in 2013 in Japan, with fatal cases being described in 2015. ADB-FUBINACA is one of the most apprehended and consumed synthetic cannabinoid (SC), following AMB-FUBINACA, which emerged in 2014 as a drug of abuse and has since been responsible for several intoxication and death outbreaks. Here, we critically review the physicochemical properties, detection methods, prevalence, biological effects, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of both drugs. When smoked, these SCs produce almost immediate effects (about 10 to 15 s after use) that last up to 60 min. They are rapidly and extensively metabolised, being the O-demethylated metabolite of AMB-FUBINACA, 2-(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide)-3-methylbutanoic acid, the main excreted in urine, while for ADB-FUBINACA the main biomarkers are the hydroxdimethylpropyl ADB-FUBINACA, hydroxydehydrodimethylpropyl ADB-FUBINACA and hydroxylindazole ADB-FUBINACA. ADB-FUBINACA and AMB-FUBINACA display full agonism of the CB1 receptor, this being responsible for their cardiovascular and neurological effects (e.g., altered perception, agitation, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, loss of consciousness and memory, chest pain, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures). This review highlights the urgent requirement for additional studies on the toxicokinetic properties of AMB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA, as this is imperative to improve the methods for detecting and quantifying these drugs and to determine the best exposure markers in the various biological matrices. Furthermore, it stresses the need for clinicians and pathologists involved in the management of these intoxications to describe their findings in the scientific literature, thus assisting in the risk assessment and treatment of the harmful effects of these drugs in future medical and forensic investigations.

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