325. An Investigation of Secondary Exposure Misclassification Effects of Lifelong Occupational History in Exposure Estimation

Background Chest radiography (CR) is employed as the evaluation of pneumoconiosis; however, we sometimes encounter cases in which computed tomography (CT) is more effective in detecting subtle pathological changes or cases in which CR yields false-positive results. Purpose To compare CR to CT in the diagnosis of early-stage pneumoconiosis. Material and Methods CR and CT were performed for 132 workers with an occupational history of mining. We excluded 23 cases of arc-welder’s lung. Five readers who were experienced chest radiologists or pulmonologists independently graded the pulmonary small opacities on CR of the remaining 109 cases. We then excluded 37 cases in which the CT data were not sufficient for grading. CT images of the remaining 72 cases were graded by the five readers. We also assessed the degree of pulmonary emphysema in those cases. Results The grade of profusion on CR (CR score) of all five readers was identical in only 5 of 109 cases (4.6%). The CR score coincided with that on CT in 40 of 72 cases (56%). The CT score was higher than that on CR in 13 cases (18%). On the other hand, the CT score was lower than that on CR in 19 cases (26%). The incidence of pulmonary emphysema was significantly higher in patients whose CR score was higher than their CT score. Conclusion CT is more sensitive than CR in the evaluation of early-stage pneumoconiosis. In cases with emphysema, the CR score tends to be higher in comparison to that on CT.

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Associations of residential and occupational history with the distribution of persistent pollutants mixtures in adipose tissue samples

Environmental Research ◽

10.1016/j.envres.2020.110687 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 110687

Author(s):

Ruth Echeverría ◽

Petra Vrhovnik ◽

Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido ◽

Francisco M. Pérez-Carrascosa ◽

Celia Gómez-Peña ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Occupational History ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Persistent Pollutants

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Trimester effects of source-specific PM10 on birth weight outcomes in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)

Environmental Health ◽

10.1186/s12940-020-00684-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yingxin Chen ◽

Susan Hodgson ◽

John Gulliver ◽

Raquel Granell ◽

A. John Henderson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Regression Models ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Exposure Misclassification ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Residential History ◽

The Third ◽

Parents And Children ◽

Avon Longitudinal Study

Abstract Background Evidence suggests that exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) is associated with reduced birth weight, but information is limited on the sources of PM10 and exposure misclassification from assigning exposures to place of residence at birth. Methods Trimester and source-specific PM10 exposures (PM10 from road source, local non-road source, and total source) in pregnancy were estimated using dispersion models and a full maternal residential history for 12,020 births from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children (ALSPAC) cohort in 1990–1992 in the Bristol area. Information on birth outcomes were obtained from birth records. Maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were obtained from questionnaires. We used linear regression models for continuous outcomes (birth weight, head circumference (HC), and birth length (BL) and logistic regression models for binary outcomes (preterm birth (PTB), term low birth weight (TLBW) and small for gestational age (SGA)). Sensitivity analysis was performed using multiple imputation for missing covariate data. Results After adjustment, interquartile range increases in source specific PM10 from traffic were associated with 17 to 18% increased odds of TLBW in all pregnancy periods. We also found odds of TLBW increased by 40% (OR: 1.40, 95%CI: 1.12, 1.75) and odds of SGA increased by 18% (OR: 1.18, 95%CI: 1.05, 1.32) per IQR (6.54 μg/m3) increase of total PM10 exposure in the third trimester. Conclusion This study adds to evidence that maternal PM10 exposures affect birth weight, with particular concern in relation to exposures to PM10 from road transport sources; results for total PM10 suggest greatest effect in the third trimester. Effect size estimates relate to exposures in the 1990s and are higher than those for recent studies – this may relate to reduced exposure misclassification through use of full residential history information, changes in air pollution toxicity over time and/or residual confounding.

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Case-control study of male germ cell tumors nested in a cohort of car-manufacturing workers: Findings from the occupational history

American Journal of Industrial Medicine ◽

10.1002/ajim.20865 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 53 (10) ◽

pp. 1006-1018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ingo Langner ◽

Nils Schmeißer ◽

Birte Mester ◽

Thomas Behrens ◽

Andrea Gottlieb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Germ Cell ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Case Control ◽

Male Germ Cell ◽

Occupational History ◽

Control Study

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Human exposure estimation for 2,3,7,8-TCDD

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/0045-6535(87)90176-7 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 16 (8-9) ◽

pp. 1851-1856 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C.H. Nauman ◽

J.L. Schaum

Keyword(s):

Human Exposure ◽

Exposure Estimation

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Twinning in Susceptible Mothers—An Exploratory Study of International Data by Payami's Models Suggests “Reproductive Maturity” as a Risk Factor

Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae twin research ◽

10.1017/s0001566000003469 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 40 (3-4) ◽

pp. 269-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Philippe

Keyword(s):

Maternal Age ◽

Comparison Group ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Reproductive Maturity ◽

Secondary Exposure ◽

Twin Birth ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Common Etiology ◽

International Data ◽

The Common

AbstractAn attempt has been made to apply Payami's models to maternal age-specific twin birth prevalences in several countries. The models disclose the heterogeneity of a cohort and spell out the risks to susceptible members (who will actually get the disease) according to age (or time). Payami's method specifies that the typical cohort of susceptibles is ascribed to two exposures: a potent and generalised exposure and a very low or no risk secondary exposure. The models have been adjusted to international data from current as well as old populations, of Occidental and Japanese origin. Results show that cohorts of twin-prone mothers aged 25 to 45 are homogeneous. A single dominant etiology is suggested which applies to both MZ and DZ twins. Heterogeneity, from 10% to 25%, is present in all countries whenever the 20-24 age group is involved. A separate study of illegitimate twin births from Denmark reduces the heterogeneity and shows that MZ illegitimate twin births are due to a secondary exposure responsible for a distinct twinning etiology. The age-specific risks of a MZ illegitimate twin birth are much higher than those of any comparison group, and are constant until age 35 years. This suggests a single-hit exposure akin to a neuroendocrine stimulus which short-cuts the usual age-dependent etiologic pathway. MZ and DZ twins both experience the same maternal age specific risks, an observation which underscores the common etiology of both types of twins. Risks increase with age from age 20 to 45 years. The pattern according to age varies among countries and time periods. Occidental populations have a pattern varying from an exponential to a more linear increase in old and recent populations, respectively. Only present-day Japan displays a logarithmic-like growth curve. The concept of “reproductive maturity” is introduced, and related to the secular trend of the DZ twin birth risk and to its variation across countries. Two new conclusions are drawn: a) The higher the rate of reproductive maturity, the less the DZ twin birth risk and, b) Reproductive maturity determines the maternal age-specific gonadotropin levels.

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