Prescription Opioids in Adolescence and Future Opioid Misuse

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Richard Miech ◽  
Lloyd Johnston ◽  
Patrick M. O’Malley ◽  
Katherine M. Keyes ◽  
Kennon Heard
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Opioid Misuse ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Illegal Drug Use ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
History Of ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
Nationally Representative

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Legitimate opioid use is associated with an increased risk of long-term opioid use and possibly misuse in adults. The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of future opioid misuse among adolescents who have not yet graduated from high school. METHODS Prospective, panel data come from the Monitoring the Future study. The analysis uses a nationally representative sample of 6220 individuals surveyed in school in 12th grade and then followed up through age 23. Analyses are stratified by predicted future opioid misuse as measured in 12th grade on the basis of known risk factors. The main outcome is nonmedical use of a prescription opioid at ages 19 to 23. Predictors include use of a legitimate prescription by 12th grade, as well as baseline history of drug use and baseline attitudes toward illegal drug use. RESULTS Legitimate opioid use before high school graduation is independently associated with a 33% increase in the risk of future opioid misuse after high school. This association is concentrated among individuals who have little to no history of drug use and, as well, strong disapproval of illegal drug use at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Use of prescribed opioids before the 12th grade is independently associated with future opioid misuse among patients with little drug experience and who disapprove of illegal drug use. Clinic-based education and prevention efforts have substantial potential to reduce future opioid misuse among these individuals, who begin opioid use with strong attitudes against illegal drug use.

scholarly journals Three-month outcomes from a patient-centered program to treat opioid use disorder in Iowa, USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison C. Lynch ◽  
Andrea N. Weber ◽  
Suzy Hedden ◽  
Sayeh Sabbagh ◽  
Stephan Arndt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Treatment Retention ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Illegal Drug Use ◽  
Recovery Capital

Abstract Background Opioid use disorder (OUD), a chronic disease, is a major public health problem. Despite availability of effective treatment, too few people receive it and treatment retention is low. Understanding barriers and facilitators of treatment access and retention is needed to improve outcomes for people with OUD. Objectives To assess 3-month outcomes pilot data from a patient-centered OUD treatment program in Iowa, USA, that utilized flexible treatment requirements and prioritized engagement over compliance. Methods Forty patients (62.5% female: mean age was 35.7 years, SD 9.5) receiving medication, either buprenorphine or naltrexone, to treat OUD were enrolled in an observational study. Patients could select or decline case management, counseling, and peer recovery groups. Substance use, risk and protective factors, and recovery capital were measured at intake and 3 months. Results Most participants reported increased recovery capital. The median Assessment of Recovery Capital (ARC) score went from 37 at enrollment to 43 (p < 0.01). Illegal drug use decreased, with the median days using illegal drugs in the past month dropping from 10 to 0 (p < 0.001). Cravings improved: 29.2% reported no cravings at intake and 58.3% reported no cravings at 3 months (p < 0.001). Retention rate was 92.5% at 3 months. Retention rate for participants who were not on probation/parole was higher (96.9%) than for those on probation/parole (62.5%, p = 0.021). Conclusion This study shows preliminary evidence that a care model based on easy and flexible access and strategies to improve treatment retention improves recovery capital, reduces illegal drug use and cravings, and retains people in treatment.

scholarly journals Opioid Misuse Among American Indian Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-474
Author(s):  
Linda R. Stanley ◽  
Meghan A. Crabtree ◽  
Randall C. Swaim
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Opioid Misuse ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Tribal Communities ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
8Th Grade ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
National Prevalence

Objectives. To present data for opioid misuse among US reservation-based American Indian (AI) adolescents and to compare these data with national rates from Monitoring the Future (MTF). Methods. Data were from a national sample of 33 schools participating in a substance use epidemiological survey of reservation-based AI adolescents during 2018 and 2019. Participants were 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade AI students (n = 1592). Measures included 12-month and 30-day use of OxyContin, Vicodin, heroin, and narcotics. We computed prevalence and compared it with MTF national prevalence. Results. Across grades, AI youths demonstrated significantly greater past 12-month and 30-day opioid use relative to a national sample. Significant absolute differences in 12-month and 30-day prevalence levels ranged from 1.6% (8th-grade heroin) to 4.7% (12th-grade narcotics) and from 1.6% (12th-grade narcotics) to 1.8% (12th-grade heroin), respectively. Conclusions. Opioid misuse prevalence levels were significantly greater for reservation-based AI adolescents relative to national prevalence levels. Public Health Implications. Findings suggest that implementation of evidence-based efforts, adapted or developed to be culturally appropriate, should be significantly increased in tribal communities, along with policies to address the unique social, economic, and health issues they face.

scholarly journals Race, Ethnic Drug Use, and Delinquency in Public Schools among High School 12th Graders

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Ayodeji Daramola ◽  
Gbolahan Solomon Osho
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
School Students ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
The Life Course

Research has shown a strong correlation between drug use and delinquency. In addition, research has also shown that drug use tends to peak in late adolescence and the onset of early adulthood. Consequently, the high school years, especially, the 12th grade is an important transition in the life course of delinquents. This study used descriptive statistics to compare drug use among Black, White, and Hispanic 12th grade high school students, and Spearman’s correlation to find which drugs have the strongest correlation to delinquency. The data for this study was downloaded from Monitoring the Future (MTF, 2007). The Null Hypothesis is that Blacks use more drugs than both Whites and Hispanics; hence they are more involved in delinquency than both Whites and Hispanics. The drugs analyzed in this study are: alcohol, marijuana, crack, cocaine, narcotics, LSD, and heroin.

scholarly journals Three-month outcomes from a patient-centered program to treat opioid use disorder in Iowa, USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison C. Lynch ◽  
Andrea N. Weber ◽  
Suzy Hedden ◽  
Sayeh Sabbagh ◽  
Stephan Arndt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Treatment Retention ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Illegal Drug Use ◽  
Recovery Capital

Abstract Background: Opioid use disorder (OUD), a chronic disease, is a major public health problem. Despite availability of effective treatment, too few people receive it and treatment retention is low. Understanding barriers and facilitators of treatment access and retention is needed to improve outcomes for people with OUD.Objectives: To assess 3-month outcomes pilot data from a patient-centered OUD treatment program in Iowa, USA, that utilized flexible treatment requirements and prioritized engagement over compliance. Methods: Forty patients (62.5% female: mean age was 35.7 years, SD 9.5) receiving medication, either buprenorphine or naltrexone, to treat OUD were enrolled in an observational study. Patients could select or decline case management, counseling, and peer recovery groups. Substance use, risk and protective factors, and recovery capital were measured at intake and 3 months. Results: Most participants reported increased recovery capital. The median Assessment of Recovery Capital (ARC) score went from 37 at enrollment to 43 (p<0.01). Illegal drug use decreased, with the median days using illegal drugs in the past month dropping from 10 to 0 (p<0.001). Cravings improved: 29.2% reported no cravings at intake and 58.3% reported no cravings at 3 months (p<0.001). Retention rate was 92.5% at 3 months. Retention rate for participants who were not on probation/parole was higher (96.9%) than for those on probation/parole (62.5%, p=0.021). Conclusion: This study shows preliminary evidence that a care model based on easy and flexible access and strategies to improve treatment retention improves recovery capital, reduces illegal drug use and cravings, and retains people in treatment.

scholarly journals Three-Month Outcomes from a Patient-Centered Program to Treat Opioid use Disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Lynch ◽  
Andrea N Weber ◽  
Suzy Hedden ◽  
Sayeh Sabbagh ◽  
Stephan Arndt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Treatment Retention ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Illegal Drug Use ◽  
Recovery Capital

Abstract Background: Opioid use disorder (OUD), a chronic disease, is a major public health problem. Despite availability of effective treatment, too few people receive it and treatment retention is low. Understanding barriers and facilitators of treatment access and retention is needed to improve outcomes for people with OUD.Objectives: To assess 3-month outcomes pilot data from a patient-centered OUD treatment program that utilized flexible treatment requirements and prioritized engagement over compliance. Methods: Forty patients (62.5% female) receiving medication to treat OUD at all levels of care were enrolled in an observational study. Patients could select or decline case management, counseling, and peer recovery groups. Substance use, risk and protective factors, and recovery capital were measured at intake and 3 months. Results: Most participants reported increased recovery capital. The median Assessment of Recovery Capital (ARC) score went from 37 at enrollment to 43 (p<0.01). Illegal drug use decreased, with the median days using illegal drugs in the past month dropping from 10 to 0 (p<0.001). Cravings improved: 29.2% reported no cravings at intake and 58.3% reported no cravings at 3 months (p<0.001). Retention rate was 92.5% at 3 months. Retention rate for participants who were not on probation/parole was higher (96.9%) than for those on probation/parole (62.5%, p=0.021). Conclusion: This study shows preliminary evidence that a care model based on low-barrier access and strategies to improve treatment retention improves recovery capital, reduces illegal drug use and cravings, and retains people in treatment.

scholarly journals Synthetic Cannabinoid Use Among High School Seniors

2017 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Palamar ◽  
Monica J. Barratt ◽  
Leigh Coney ◽  
Silvia S. Martins
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
High School Seniors ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoid ◽  
Illegal Drugs ◽  
Polydrug Use ◽  
The Past ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
Nationally Representative

OBJECTIVES In this study, we examined the prevalence and correlates of current synthetic cannabinoid (SC) use among high school seniors in the United States. METHODS Monitoring the Future, an annual nationally representative survey of high school seniors, began querying current (30-day) SC use in 2014. Data were examined from the 2 most recent cohorts (2014–2015; N = 7805). Prevalence of self-reported use was examined and differences in demographics and recency and frequency of other drug use was compared between current marijuana-only users and current SC (plus marijuana) users using χ2 and generalized linear model using Poisson. RESULTS We found that 2.9% of students reported current SC use; 1.4% of students (49.7% of users) reported using SCs on ≥3 days in the past month. SC users were more likely to report more recent (and often more frequent) use of lysergic acid diethylamide, cocaine, heroin, and/or nonmedical use of opioids compared with marijuana-only users. Compared with current marijuana-only users, SC users were more likely to report lower parent education (P &lt; .05) and current use of a higher number of illegal drugs other than marijuana (Ps &lt; .001). Students using SCs ≥10 times in the past month were more likely to be boys, frequent marijuana users (Ps &lt; .01), African American, and users of multiple other illegal drugs (Ps &lt; .001). CONCLUSIONS SC use is typically part of a repertoire of polydrug use, and polydrug use is less prevalent among marijuana-only users. Current SC users are at risk for poisoning from use of the newest generation of SCs and from concurrent drug use.

scholarly journals The great decline in adolescent cigarette smoking since 2000: consequences for drug use among US adolescents

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Miech ◽  
Katherine M Keyes ◽  
Patrick M O'Malley ◽  
Lloyd D Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Great Decline ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Never Smokers

ObjectiveAdolescent cigarette smoking declined steadily and substantially from 2000 to 2018. This paper considers the potential consequences of this ‘great decline’ for the prevalence of other drug use among adolescents.MethodsData are annual, cross-sectional, nationally representative Monitoring the Future surveys of more than 1.2 million US students in 12th, 10th and 8th grades from 2000 to 2018. Analyses include trends in the past 12 months’ non-medical amphetamine, tranquillisers and opioid use overall, among ever and never cigarette smokers, and projected if adolescent cigarette smoking levels had remained at 2000 levels.ResultsWithin groups of ever and never cigarette smokers, the prevalence for each of the three substances has either changed little or overall increased in 2018 as compared with 2000. When the two groups were combined into one pool, the overall prevalence for each of the drugs declined by about half. The decline resulted from the growing group of never smokers, whose levels of non-medical drug use over the study period were at least four times lower than the levels of ever smokers.ConclusionsThe results support the ‘gateway’ prediction that declines in cigarette smoking among adolescents pull downward their non-medical use of amphetamines, tranquillisers and opioids. Continuing to reduce adolescent smoking through policy and programmatic prevention efforts should have further positive spillover effects on adolescent drug use.

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