Responses of Children Immunized with Capsular Polysaccharide of Hemophilus influenzae Type b, by David H. Smith, MD, et al,Pediatrics, 1973;52:637–644; and Haemophilus influenzae Type b Capsular Polysaccharide Vaccine in Children: A Double-blind Field Study of 100 000 Vaccinees 3 Months to 5 Years of Age in Finland, by Heikki Peltola, MD et al,Pediatrics, 1977;60:730–737

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 102 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 252-254
Author(s):  
Georges Peter
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Antigen Binding ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Group A

One hundred forty-one children of 5 to 59 months of age were immunized with a single intramuscular dose of 0.67, 3.3, 17, or 67 μg polyribophosphate (PRP), the capsular antigen ofHemophilus influenzae, type b. The immunizations were well tolerated, particularly at doses of .67 to 17 μg. Antibody activity was measured by radioactive antigen binding, using3H-labelled PRP. Doses of 3.3 and 17 μg produced significant antibody rises in nearly 90% of recipients; 0.67 and 67 μg in approximately half. The geometric mean titers were similar at three and six weeks after immunization and were greater with the middle doses. The net antibody increase in responding children was strongly age dependent, but was not related to the preimmunization antibody concentration. Rises in serum bactericidal activity against H. influenzae type b generally accompanied rises in antibody concentration as measured by the antigen-binding assay. A recently developed Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine was given to 48 977 children 3 months to 5 years of age; an equal number of children receiving group A meningococcal vaccine served as controls. The protection as well as serum antibody response was strongly age dependent. Among children who had received the H. influenzae type b vaccine when 18 months of age or older, there were no cases of bacteremic disease caused by H. influenzaetype b in the first year after vaccination. At the same time 11 such cases were seen in the control group of the same age, a highly significant difference. In the second year after vaccination two cases occurred in the H. influenzae type b-vaccinated group, five in the meningococcal-group A vaccinated group. No protection was seen among children who had been younger than 18 months when vaccinated, even if they received a booster dose of the vaccine. The serum antibody response to the H. influenzae type b polysaccharide, measured by radioimmunoassay, was poor in children below 18 months of age and good in those above it. No effect of the vaccine could be seen on the nasopharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae type b, which was approximately 6% in this age group. Adverse effects of the vaccine were mild.

Haemophilus influenzae Type b Capsular Polysaccharide Vaccine in Children: A Double-Blind Field Study of 100,000 Vaccinees 3 Months to 5 Years of Age in Finland

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki Peltola ◽  
Helena Käythy ◽  
Aulikki Sivonen ◽  
P. Helena Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
Serum Antibody Response ◽  
Group A

A recently developed Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine was given to 48,977 children 3 months to 5 years of age; an equal number of children receiving group A meningococcal vaccine served as controls. The protection as well as serum antibody response was strongly age-dependent. Among children who had received the H. influenzae type b vaccine when 18 months of age or older, there were no cases of bacteremic disease caused by H. influenzae type b in the first year after vaccination. At the same time 11 such cases were seen in the control group of the same age, a highly significant difference. In the second year after vaccination two cases occurred in the H. influenzae type b-vaccinated group, five in the meningococcal-group A vaccinated group. No protection was seen among children who had been younger than 18 months when vaccinated, even if they received a booster dose of the vaccine. The serum antibody response to the H. influenzae type b polysaccharide, measured by radioimmunoassay, was poor in children below 18 months of age and good in those above it. No effect of the vaccine could be seen on the nasopharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae type b, which was approximately 6% in this age group. Adverse effects of the vaccine were mild.

RESPONSES OF CHILDREN IMMUNIZED WITH THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE, TYPE b

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-644
Author(s):  
David H. Smith ◽  
Georges Peter ◽  
David L. Ingram ◽  
A. Lynn Harding ◽  
Porter Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Antigen Binding ◽  
Type B ◽  
Intramuscular Dose ◽  
Hemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Hemophilus Influenzae Type B

One hundred forty-one children of 5 to 59 months of age were immunized with a single intramuscular dose of 0.67, 3.3, 17, or 67µg polyribophosphate (PRP), the capsular antigen of Hemophilus influenzae, type b. The immunizations were well tolerated, particularly at doses of .67 to 17µg. Antibody activity was measured by radioactive antigen binding, using 3H-labelled PRP. Doses of 3.3 and 17µg produced significant antibody rises in nearly 90% of recipients; 0.67 and 67µg in approximately half. The geometric mean titers were similar at three and six weeks after immunization and were greater with the middle doses. The net antibody increase in responding children was strongly age dependent, but was not related to the preimmunization antibody concentration. Rises in serum bactericidal activity against H. influenzae type b generally accompanied rises in antibody concentration as measured by the antigen-binding assay.

Immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Polysaccharide-Neisseria meningitidis Outer Membrane Protein Conjugate Vaccine in 2- to 6-Month-Old Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-287
Author(s):  
Allen A. Lenoir ◽  
Paul D. Granoff ◽  
Dan M. Granoff
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Outer Membrane Protein ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B

Fifty infants, 2 to 6 months of age, were vaccinated with Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide covalently linked to an outer membrane protein from Neisseria meningitidis group B. Subjects were given two injections and were randomly assigned to receive the injections separated by 1 or 2 months. Each dose contained 15 µg of polysaccharide and 51 µg of protein, or approximately twice the amount of polysaccharide as used in our previous trial (Lancet 1986;2:299). Fevers of 38.0° to 38.8°C developed in three infants (6%) within 24 hours after vaccination, but there were no other notable reactions. Following one injection, the geometric mean antibody concentration increased from 0.13 µg/mL in preimmune serum to 1.50 µg/mL in serum obtained 1 to 2 months later (P < .001). After a second injection, there was a further increase in serum antibody (geometric mean = 3.11 µg/mL, P < .007). The geometric mean antibody concentration of the group reimmunized 2 months after the first injection was higher than that in the group reimmunized after 1 month (3.95 v 2.32 µg/mL, P = .05, by analysis of covariance with age as the covariant). These data confirm our previous preliminary observations on the safety and immunogenicity of this new conjugate vaccine in infants 2 to 6 months of age. The data suggest that a 2-month interval between the first and second injections results in higher levels of serum antibody than a 1-month interval.

Interchangeability of Haemophilus influenzae Type b vaccines in the Primary Series: Evaluation of a Two-dose Mixed Regimen

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 898-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Bewley ◽  
Joel G. Schwab ◽  
Gerard A. Ballanco ◽  
Robert S. Daum
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
Series Evaluation

Objective. To evaluate two- or threedose "mixed" regimens of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in the priming series. Design. Two randomized clinical trials with 140 and 181 infants, respectively. Setting. Private practices in New Orleans and Chicago. Methods. In trial I, infants received one of four regimens. Two were recommended regimens for polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP)—meningococcal protein conjugate (M) and PRP—tetanus toxoid conjugate (T). Two mixed regimens consisted of M at 2 months followed by two doses of T or PRP—diphtheria toxoid conjugate (D) at 4 and 6 months. Trial II consisted of three groups. Two were recommended regimens for M and T. The third was a two-dose mixed regimen consisting of M at 2 months and T at 4 months. Parents were interviewed and instructed to record side effects after each vaccination. Serum was assayed for H influenzae type b anticapsular antibody (anti-PRP). Results. Minor differences in safety profiles likely reflected α error. In trial I, M (lot 0884T, one of several known to have had decreased immunogenicity), probably primed for substantial increase in serum antibody when D or T was given at 4 and 6 months. In trial II, infants who received the two-dose mixed regimen (M from immunogenic lot 0116W at 2 months and T at 4 months) had a significantly higher mean area under the curve than recipients of the three-dose TIT regimen when antibody concentration was plotted against age, although the geometric mean anti-PRP antibody concentration for the MT-recipients was significantly lower at 7 months. Conclusions. M used in trial I may have primed infants despite poor immunogenicity. The two-dose mixed regimen (MT-) in trial II produced a mean anti-PRP antibody concentration with higher sustained anti-PRP concentrations from 2 to 7 months, as judged by the area under the curve, but a lower mean anti-PRP antibody concentration at 7 months.

b-CAPSA I Haemophilus influenzae, Type b, Capsular Polysaccharide Vaccine Safety

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-325
Author(s):  
Steven B. Black ◽  
Henry R. Shinefield ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Health Care Use ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B

The b-CAPSA I capsular polysaccharide vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae type b was given to 87,541 children 2 through 5 years of age in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, and the children were then followed using a multiple modality surveillance. Phase 1 consisted of 24-hour recall of immediate side effects which were recorded on questionnaires given to families of 13,500 children. Local side effects were found to be uncommon: 2.3% had a temperature of ≥38.3°C (≥101°F); 4.8% had local erythema, 2.9% local swelling, and 12.6% local tenderness; two children had wheezing shortly after immunization. In Phase 2, 30 days after immunization, questionnaires were mailed to parents of all 87,541 children, who were asked to respond to questions about illnesses and health care. Phase 3 consisted of active surveillance of patient health care use by physicians and nurses during the 30 days after immunization. During the 30-day reporting periods, there were 40 hospitalizations, including one for wheezing and one for febrile seizure. Of the 40 hospitalizations, only the one for wheezing was believed by the admitting physician to be probably associated with vaccine administration. Three children had seizures within 30 days of immunization. None of the seizures was believed by the reporting physician to be associated with immunization. Adverse effects of the vaccine were mild, limited to local reactions and occasional temperature elevation; bronchospasm after immunization occurred rarely.

scholarly journals Different seroprevalences of antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A and Haemophilus influenzae type b in Sudanese and Swedish children

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. M. Salih ◽  
H. Fredlund ◽  
S. Hugosson ◽  
L. Bodin ◽  
P. Olcén
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
Antibody Assay

SUMMARYSampling of sera from 202 Sudanese and 124 Swedish children 1–14 years of age was conducted at the end of the 1980s presenting an opportunity to compare the seroprevalence of anti-Neisseria meningitidis (MC) serogroup A antibodies in an area immediately before outbreak of an epidemic (Sudan 1988) with a low endemic area (Sweden). An ELISA antibody assay was developed for detection of antibodies against capsular polysaccharide of MC serogroup A and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Serum antibody against MC serogroup A was found significantly more frequently in Sudanese than in Swedish children. This indicates that factors other than herd immunity, as measured by serum antibodies against MC serogroup A polysaccharide, are important for avoidance of an MC serogroup A epidemic. The seroprevalence of Hib antibodies was, in contrast, significantly higher in Swedish than in Sudanese children, especially for 5–9-year-old children. A possible explanation may be the different systems of day-care of children in the two countries.

Neonatal Immunization: Response to Haemophilus influenzae Type b-Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 815-822
Author(s):  
Sari Kurikka ◽  
Helena Käyhty ◽  
Heikki Peltola ◽  
Leena Saarinen ◽  
Juhani Eskola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
Natural Decay

Objective. To study the immunogenicity and tolerability of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine administered in the neonatal period. Design. Hib capsular polysaccharide (PS)-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (PRP-T) was given to 120 neonates at 2 days of age, followed by PRP-T or the Hib PS vaccine at 4 months and a PRP-T booster at 14 months. Their anti-Hib PS concentrations were compared with those in children receiving PRP-T at 2 and 4 months or at 4 months. Results. No serious adverse reactions were noted. The geometric mean concentration of anti-Hib PS at the age of 2 days was 0.34 µg/mL and at 4 months was 0.12 µg/mL. This was significantly more than the concentration in unimmunized infants at this age and 3.5 times more than expected, taking into account the natural decay of transplacentally acquired antibodies. Such a response was not seen in infants with a high (greater than 3.0 µg/mL) neonatal antibody concentration. The PRP-T vaccine given at 4 months elicited an antibody response in all infants and Hib PS in 62%, indicating immunologic priming. At 14 months a higher percentage of the infants who had received PRP-T at 2 days and 4 months than of those who had received PRP-T at 4 months only had anti-Hib PS concentrations greater than 0.15 µg/mL. All infants responded well to the booster at 14 months. There was no evidence of immunologic tolerance. Conclusions. Neonatal immunization with PRP-T was safe and well tolerated in Finnish infants, and it would be worthwhile to further study its effects in higher risk populations.

Serum Antibodies After Vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae Type b Capsular Polysaccharide and Responses to Reimmunization: No Evidence of Immunologic Tolerance or Memory

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-865
Author(s):  
Helena Käyhty ◽  
Viena Karanko ◽  
Heikki Peltola ◽  
P. Helena Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Immunologic Tolerance ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Levels

Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine was given in Finland in 1974 to approximately 50,000 infants and children, whose serum anti-H influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide levels have been followed for 3½ years. The serum antibodies induced by the vaccination proved short-lived (less than 6 months) in the infants younger than 18 months. Elevated serum antibody levels were detectable for 1½ years but less than 3½ years in the children who were vaccinated when 18 to 35 months old. In the children who were 3 to 5 years old when vaccinated, the elevated anti-H influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide levels persisted for at least 3½ years. Therefore, children vaccinated at the age of 18 months may need a new dose of vaccine 1 to 1½ years after the first dose in order to be protected for the period of high susceptibility, until the age of approximately 7 years. Some of the vaccinated children were reimmunized 3½ years after the first dose, and the anti-H influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide levels in their sera were studied in a similar manner. At no time did the anti-H influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide levels after the reimmunization differ from the anti-H influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide levels seen after the first vaccination in children of the same age. In addition, the children who had received their first dose of vaccine when younger than 18 months and therefore were not responding, responded now. Thus, there was no evidence of immunologic tolerance.

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