Adolescent Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Weight

Objective. To examine the relationship among maternal age, prepregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, and birth weight in 141 low-income black adolescents and their infants. Study sample. One hundred forty-one consecutively enrolled, low-income, black adolescents who entered prenatal care prior to their 23rd week of gestation, were free of chronic diseases, took no regular medications, had no known uterine anomalies, and gave birth to one live neonate. Results. After controlling for prepregnancy weight and other potentially confounding variables, we found a significant relationship between gestational weight gain and infant birth weight among younger adolescents (<16 years old at conception), but not among older adolescents (16 through 19 years old at conception); younger adolescents contributed more of their gestational weight gain to their fetuses than did older adolescents. Among younger adolescents the rate of maternal weight gain during the entire gestation was significantly correlated with birth weight (r = .40; P < .01), whereas for older adolescents only maternal weight gain during the second half of gestation was significantly correlated with birth weight (r = .25, P < .05). Conclusions. The data do not support the thesis that younger adolescents compete with their fetuses for nutrients; in fact, younger study adolescents transferred more of their gestational weight gain to their fetuses than did older adolescents.

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Prepregnancy weight, inappropriate gestational weight gain, and smoking: Relationships to birth weight

American Journal of Human Biology ◽

10.1002/ajhb.20572 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 305-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Richard May

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Prepregnancy Weight

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Insufficient maternal gestational weight gain and infant neurodevelopment at 12 months of age: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

European Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1007/s00431-021-04232-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Noriko Motoki ◽

Yuji Inaba ◽

Takumi Shibazaki ◽

Yuka Misawa ◽

Satoshi Ohira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Developmental Delay ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Maternal Weight Gain ◽

Maternal Weight ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Infant Neurodevelopment

AbstractAbnormal maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) increases the risk of obstetric-related complications. This investigation examined the impact of GWG on infant neurodevelopmental abnormalities at 12 months of age using the data of a nationwide Japanese cohort study. Questionnaire data were obtained from the ongoing Japan Environment and Children’s Study cohort study. Maternal GWG was subdivided as below, within, or above the reference values of the Institution of Medicine pregnancy weight guidelines. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3) is a parent-reported developmental screening instrument for children across five domains: communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving, and personal–social. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to identify correlations between GWG and developmental delay defined as ASQ-3 scores of less than two standard deviations below the mean. A total of 30,694 mothers with singleton live births and partners who completed the questionnaire were analyzed. The prevalence of mothers below, within, and above the GWG guidelines was 60.4% (18,527), 32.1% (9850), and 7.5% (2317), respectively. We recorded 10,943 infants (35.7%) who were outliers in at least one ASQ-3 domain. After controlling for covariates, GWG below established guidelines was associated with a significantly higher risk of developmental delay for the communication (odds ratio [OR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–1.34), gross motor (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.24), fine motor (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–1.24), problem-solving (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.18), and personal–social (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.07–1.24) domains.Conclusion: This large survey revealed a possible deleterious effect of insufficient maternal GWG on infant neurodevelopment.Trial registration: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry on January 15, 2018 (number UMIN000030786). What is Known:• Inappropriate maternal gestational weight gain may cause obstetric complications and adverse birth outcomes.• Excess maternal weight gain may result in gestational diabetes, hypertension, eclampsia, caesarean delivery, and macrosomia, while insufficient maternal weight gain has been associated with pre-term birth and small for gestational age. What is New:• This study provides important information on a possible adverse effect of insufficient maternal gestational weight gain on offspring neurodevelopment at 12 months of age.• Our findings indicate a need to reconsider the optimal body mass index and gestational weight gain for women desiring pregnancy.

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Maternal weight gain: Effect on infant birth weight among overweight and average-weight low-income women

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics ◽

10.1016/0020-7292(89)90277-4 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 277-277

Author(s):

BH Frentzen ◽

DL Dimperio ◽

AC Cruz

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Income ◽

Average Weight ◽

Maternal Weight Gain ◽

Maternal Weight ◽

Low Income Women ◽

Infant Birth

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Maternal weight gain: Effect on infant birth weight among overweight and average-weight low-income women

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1016/0002-9378(88)90424-3 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 159 (5) ◽

pp. 1114-1117 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Barbara H. Frentzen ◽

Diane L. Dimperio ◽

Amelia C. Cruz

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Income ◽

Average Weight ◽

Maternal Weight Gain ◽

Maternal Weight ◽

Low Income Women ◽

Infant Birth

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Gestational weight gain according to number of fetuses in Japanese women

Journal of Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/jpm-2013-0211 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mamoru Morikawa ◽

Takahiro Yamada ◽

Rina Akaishi ◽

Takashi Yamada ◽

Ryutaro Nishida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Japanese Women ◽

Maternal Weight Gain ◽

Maternal Weight ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Gestational Week ◽

Weight Gain During Pregnancy ◽

Length Of Gestation

AbstractIt is unknown whether weekly maternal weight gain differs between Japanese women with singleton, twin, and triplet pregnancies.Gestational weight gain defined as net weight gain during pregnancy was analyzed in 135,036 pregnant Japanese women, including 128,838 with singletons, 5573 with twins, and 132 with triplets, who gave birth at ≥22 weeks of gestation between 2007 and 2009. Weekly weight gain was defined as follows: gestational weight gain÷[gestational week (GW) at Delivery–2].Length of gestation (weeks, mean±SD) decreased significantly (38.2±2.6, 35.3±3.0, and 32.7±2.8) with increasing number of fetuses, while overall gestational weight gain (kg) was significantly smaller in women with singletons than in those with either twins or triplets (9.6±4.4 vs. 10.9±4.8 or 10.9±5.2, respectively). Thus, weekly maternal weight gain (kg/week) increased significantly with increasing number of fetuses (0.26±0.12, 0.33±0.13, and 0.35±0.16). Among women with delivery at or after GW 34, difference in gestational weight gain (kg) was prominent between the three groups (9.8±4.4, 11.4±4.7, and 13.0±5.1 for singleton, twin, and triplet pregnancies, respectively, P<0.001 between any two groups).Weekly maternal weight gain increases with increasing number of fetuses. Our figures may be useful for advising Japanese women with multifetal pregnancies regarding gestational weight gain.

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Letter to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.94.2.243a ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 243-244

Author(s):

Theresa O. Scholl ◽

Mary L. Hediger ◽

Joan I. Schall

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

The Combination of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain and Low Birth Weight is Associated with Increased Obesity Risk among Young Children in Low‐Income Households

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.781.11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Maria Koleilat ◽

Gail Harrison ◽

Shannon Whaley

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Young Children ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Low Income ◽

Obesity Risk ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Excessive Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Low Income Households

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The Association between Gestational Weight Gain in Each Trimester and Pregnancy Outcomes in Twin Pregnancies

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1700853 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lilly Y. Liu ◽

Kelly B. Zafman ◽

Nathan S. Fox

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Preterm Birth ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Maternal Weight Gain ◽

Maternal Weight ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Entire Pregnancy ◽

Twin Pregnancies

Abstract Objective Adequate maternal weight gain in twin pregnancies is associated with improved outcomes such as increased fetal growth and decreased incidence of preterm birth. However, it remains unclear when gestational weight gain has the greatest influence on pregnancy outcomes. Our objective was to identify at which time in a twin pregnancy does inadequate maternal weight gain have the greatest association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of women with twin pregnancies and normal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) who delivered at ≥24 weeks' gestation by a single maternal–fetal medicine practice between 2005 and 2017. Baseline characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared between women with and without adequate average gestational weight gain (weight gain per week based on the 2009 Institute of Medicine recommendations). This analysis was performed for weight gain over the entire pregnancy, as well as from 0 to 16, 16 to 24, and 24 weeks to delivery. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to control for potential confounding variables. Results A total of 609 women with twin pregnancies and normal prepregnancy BMI were included, of whom 386 (63.4%) had adequate average gestational weight gain over the entire pregnancy and 223 (36.6%) did not. Inadequate average gestational weight gain between 0 and 16 weeks' gestation was associated with a higher incidence of birthweight less than the 10th percentile for gestational age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–2.51) and less than the 5th percentile for gestational age (aOR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.29–3.40). Inadequate gestational weight gain between 16 and 24 weeks was associated with lower birthweight of the larger twin (β: –0.09; p = 0.04). Inadequate weight gain from 24 weeks to delivery was associated with spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks' gestation (aOR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.13–2.47), <34 weeks' gestation (aOR: 4.32; 95% CI: 2.45–7.63), <32 weeks' gestation (aOR: 9.07; 95% CI: 3.66–22.48), and a lower incidence of preeclampsia (aOR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.16–0.63). Conclusion In twin pregnancies, gestational weight gain between 0 and 16 weeks as well as between 16 and 24 weeks is most associated with fetal growth, whereas gestational weight gain after 24 weeks is most associated with preterm birth. This may help elucidate the mechanism of action of the impact of gestational weight gain in twin pregnancies.

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